Pulmonary lecture

Question 1

What is the purpose of increased branching in the respiratory system?

Answer 1

Branching increases surface area, which decreases resistance

Question 2

This is the interphase between blood and air in the respiratory system

Answer 2

alveolar-capillary unit

Question 3

This is the main muscle of respiration; used for small, consistent breaths

Answer 3

Diaphragm

Question 4

These are the accessory muscles of respiration, used for larger, deeper breaths.

Answer 4

Intercostal muscles

Question 5

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 5

1. Gas exchange
2. Acid-base balance
3. Phonation
4. Pulmonary defense

Question 6

By breathing faster and more shallow, what’s the acid-base balance?

Answer 6

Exhale more CO2, reduce H+ (more basic blood)

Question 7

By breathing slower and deeper, waht’s the acid-base balance?

Answer 7

More CO2 in blood, Produce H+ (more acidic blood)

Question 8

This is making words and sounds via controlled and organized breaths.

Answer 8

Phonation

Question 9

What are the 3 features of pulmonary host defense?

Answer 9

1. Ciliary beat
2. Mucous trapping
3. Secreted Antimicrobial substances

Question 10

What type of process is inhalation?

Answer 10

Active process - diaphragm flattens

Question 11

Expiration is what type of process?

Answer 11

passive - diaphragm enlarged

Question 12

This is the maximum of functional vital capacity; take a deep breath in

Answer 12

Inspiratory Reserve

Question 13

This is shallow, regular breaths controlled by the diaphragm

Answer 13

tidal volume

Question 14

This is the minimum of the functional vital capacity; big breath out

Answer 14

expiratory reserve volume

Question 15

How much residual volume do you always have

Answer 15

1.5L

Question 16

This is a very simple imaging technique to look at the chest. Catches structural abnormalities

Answer 16

Chest X-ray and CT scan

Question 17

This is a non-invasive, cheap procedure that measures the amount of oxygen

Answer 17

oximetry

Question 18

This is an invasive technique that draws blood from the radial artery. Measures partial pressure of CO2 and oxygen

Answer 18

Arterial blood gas

Question 19

This is the measure of lung functions

Answer 19

Spirometry

Question 20

This allows direct visualization of airways and check for abnormalities

Answer 20

Bronchoscopy

Question 21

This is a chronic inflammatory disorder causing airway hyperresponsiveness leading to reversible airway narrowing

Answer 21

Asthma

Question 22

What test do we use to diagnose asthma? What will it show?

Answer 22

Spirometry, will show an obstruction

Question 23

What are the 2 hallmark symptoms of asthma?

Answer 23

Shortness of breath and wheezing

Question 24

What are the tx for acute asthma?

Answer 24

1. inhaled albuterol

2. oral steroids

Question 25

What are the tx for chronic asthma?

Answer 25

- albuterol - inhaled steroids - inhaled long-acting bronchodilators - anti-leukotrienes

Question 26

This is the persistent airflow obstruction due to emphysema or chronic bronchitis; almost always due to smoking

Answer 26

COPD

Question 27

This is chronic productive cough for 3 months or more in at least 2 consecutive years.

Answer 27

Chronic bronchitis

Question 28

This is permanent enlargement of distal airspaces due to destruction of alveolar walls

Answer 28

Emphysema

Question 29

A chest x-ray will show what for COPD?

Answer 29

hyper-inflation (large lungs)

Question 30

What's the main tx for COPD?

Answer 30

stop smoking

Question 31

This is scarring of the lung tissue preventing gas exchange?

Answer 31

pulmonary fibrosis

Question 32

A chest-xray of pulmonary fibrosis will show what? Oximetry?

Answer 32

- Interstitial thickening (looks like fine lines/net) | - low oxygen levels

Question 33

What are the 2 symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 33

1. Shortness of breath | 2. Clubbing of fingers

Question 34

Are there tx for pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 34

yes

Question 35

This is a heterogeneous group of diseases characteried by filling of the alveolar space with fluid

Answer 35

Alveolar filling diseases

Question 36

Water in alveoli = ? | What are the symptoms?

Answer 36

Pulmonary edema | - shortness of breath, orthnopnea (shortness of breath laying flat)

Question 37

Pus in alveoli = ? | What are the symptoms?

Answer 37

Pneumonia | - shortness of breath, cough, fever

Question 38

Blood in alveoli = ? | What are the symptoms?

Answer 38

diffuse alveolar hemorrhage | - shortness of breath, cough, hemoptysis (coughing up blood)

Question 39

Stomach contents in alveoli = ? | What are the symptoms?

Answer 39

Aspiration | - shortness of breath, cough, fever

Question 40

Chest x-ray for pulmonary edema looks like ?

Answer 40

clouds

Question 41

This is known as a blood clot in the pulmonary circulation which reduces blood flow to the lungs

Answer 41

Pulmonary emboli

Question 42

Large clot = ?

Answer 42

death

Question 43

Medium clot = ?

Answer 43

hypoxia, hypotension, dyspnea

Question 44

Small clot = ?

Answer 44

Shortness of breath or none

Question 45

How do you treat pulmonary embolism?

Answer 45

``` Anticoagulants (passive) Thombolytic therapy (active, destroys blood clots) ```

Question 46

This is the uncontrolled transformation, growth and spread of cells originally derived from lung precursors

Answer 46

Lung cancer

Question 47

What type of lung cancer is most common? 2nd common?

Answer 47

1. Adenocarcinoma | 2. Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 48

What's the #1 symptom of lung cancer?

Answer 48

Cough

Question 49

What are the 3 treatments for lung cancer?

Answer 49

Surgery, Radiation, Chemotherapy

Question 50

This is abnormal material in the pleural space.

Answer 50

Pleural disease

Question 51

Water in pleural cavity = ?

Answer 51

Pleural effusion

Question 52

Pus in pleural space = ?

Answer 52

Empyema

Question 53

Blood in pleural space = ?

Answer 53

Hemorrhage

Question 54

Air in pleural space = ?

Answer 54

Pneumothorax

Question 55

Urine in pleural space = ?

Answer 55

Urothorax

Question 56

Malignant cells in pleural space = ?

Answer 56

Malignant effusion

Question 57

How do we treat pleural disease?

Answer 57

Drain whatever is in the pleural cavity