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Clinical Medicine 2 > Pelino Hematology > Flashcards

Pelino Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

How much blood do we have?

A

5 Liters

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2
Q

What’s the #1 hypercoagulable state in America? What % of whites have this?

A

Factor V

- 10% of whites

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3
Q

What is the most common cause of the anemias?

A

Iron deficiency

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4
Q

What are the 3 granulocytes?

A

BEN

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5
Q

What are the non-granulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes (T + B cells)

Monocytes

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6
Q

Bone marrow is stimulated to make Hb by what?

A

Erythropoietin

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7
Q

How long do RBCs live?

A

120 days/4 months

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8
Q

What increases the production of platelets?

A

Thrombopoietin (TPO)

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9
Q

What is the major cytokine that stimulates stem cells to increase production of lymphocytes?

A

IL-7

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10
Q

Hb takes up what % of RBC weight?

A

33%

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11
Q

What ingest RBCs?

A

Liver and Spleen

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12
Q

Anemia is defined in what 2 ways?

A
  1. Shortage of RBCs

2. Shortage of Hb in RBCs

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13
Q

T-cells, B-cells and NK cells make up what individual % of WBCs?

A

T-cells = 70%
B-cells = 10%
NK cells = 20%

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14
Q

What’s the normal range for platelet count?

A

150-350k

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15
Q

What 3 things inhibit platelet aggregation?

A
  1. Nitric Oxide
  2. Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
  3. Prostacyclin (PGI2)
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16
Q

Blood plasma is what % water?

A

92%

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17
Q

What are the 4 reasons why we don’t clot?

A
  1. Thrombomodulin binds to thrombin
  2. TPA breaks up fibrin clots
  3. Heparin-like molecule binds to A-III
  4. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor
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18
Q

Where is Tissue plasminogen Activator (TPA) from? what does it do?

A
  • Comes from endothelium

- breaks up fibrin clots (it’s fibrinolytic)

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19
Q

How does the heparin-like molecule stop clotting?

A
  1. binds to antithrombin III and inactivates thrombin & factors X/IX
20
Q

The tissue factor pathway inhibitor inactives what factors?

21
Q

Factor V is resistant to ?

A

resistant to normal degradation of activation protein C

22
Q

What are the top 5 primary states of hypercoagulation?

A
  1. Antithrombin III
  2. Factor V
  3. Hyperhomocysteinemia
  4. Prothrombin 20210
  5. Antiphopholipid Syndrome
23
Q

Hyperhomocysteinemia causes what 2 findings? What age are we worried about?

A

CRA and brain occlusion

  • 40years or less
24
Q

What’s the #2 primary hypercoagulable state in the US? What % of whites?

A

Prothrombin 20210

- found in 4% of whites

25
Antiphospholipid syndrome is associated with what? What % of the population has it?
- Artery and vein occlusions
26
How is hyperhomocystenemia treated?
1. Vit. B6 2. Vit. B12 3. Folic acid
27
What are the secondary states of hypercoagulation?
1. Pregnancy 2. Malignancy 3. CHF 4. Immobility
28
What is the ocular presentation of Hypercoagulation?
1. CRAO/CRVO | 2. BRAO/BRVO
29
what is hyperviscosity evaluation?
Thickened blood due to increased circulating IGs
30
What are some causes of hyperviscosity ?
1. Multiple Myeloma 2. leukemia 3. Waldenstom Macroglobulinemia (IgM)
31
What is the age range of hyperviscosity?
Older than 40
32
What is the ocular presentation of hyperviscosity disorders?
Bilateral CRVO
33
Leukemic retinopathy is found in what % of cases?
80%
34
What are the 3 categories of ocular manifestations of Leukemic retinopathy?
1. Leukemic Infiltrates 2. Complications related to anemia/hyperviscosity 3. Infections (CMV/Fungal)
35
What type of anemia is found in patients who use Metformin for more than 5 years?
Pernicious Anemia = failure of B12 absorption
36
RBC destruction is caused by what 4 things?
1. Glucose deficiency 2. Sickle Cell Anemia 3. Alpha/Beta Thalassemia
37
What are the findings in sickle cell retinopathy?
1. Sunburst 2. Salmon patch heme 3. Seafans 4. Fibrosis
38
What is the most common leukemia? How many new cases a year?
Acute Myeloid Leukemia, | 11,000 new cases a year
39
Define Pancytopenia
Decrease in RBCs, WBCs, platelets
40
Define thrombocytosis
high blood platelet count
41
Define anemia
Hb < 13.5 male, <12 female
42
Define Leukopenia
decrease in # of WBCs
43
Define Leukocytosis
increase in number of WBCs
44
Define ITP (Idiopathic Throbocyopenic Purpura)
Autoimmune disorder where immune system produces antibodies that attack and destroy platelets
45
Define TTP (Throbotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura)
Life threatening condition. - low platelet count - micro angiopathic hemolytic anemia - fever - renal dysfunction - neurologic signs
46
What is the most frequent drug induced cause of decreased platelet production?
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

Clinical Medicine 2 (12 decks)

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