Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Clinical Medicine 2 > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the hallmark signs of cancer cells?

A

Variable shaped nuclei and small cytoplasmic volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do cancer cells proliferate?

A

In an autonomous manner free of any regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of cell: Replicate in strictly regulated way to replace cells that die to allow normal growth

A

Normal Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

T/F: Majority of tumor growth occurs before it’s clinically detectable.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of growth do cancer cells follow?

A

Gompertzian Growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cancer is often an interplay of what 2 factors?

A

Environmental and Genetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A cell can initiate a tumor only when it contains what?

A

2 mutant alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What’s the two-hit theory called for cancer?

A

Knudson Hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Smoking leads to what type of cancer?

A

Lung, bladder, esophageal, H+N

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Alcohol leads to what type of cancer?

A

Liver, esophageal, H+N

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Asbestos/Silica leads to what type of cancer?

A

Lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 inherited genetic factors?

A
  1. Down syndrome
  2. BRCA 1 + 2
  3. Familial Adenomatosis Polyposis (FAP)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 2 acquired genetic factors?

A
  1. Philadelphia chromosome

2. Radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The Down Syndrome genetic factor causes what type of cancer?

A

Acute Leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The BRCA 1 + 2 inherited gene causes what type of cancer?

A

Breast and Ovarian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The FAP (familial adenomatosis polyposis) gene causes what type of cancer?

A

Colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The philadelphia chromosome causes what type of cancer?

A

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Radiation causes what type of cancer?

A

Thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What’s the #1 cancer for women?

A

Breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What’s the #1 cancer for men?

A

Prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What’s the #2 cancer for men and women? This cancer is also the #1 cause of mortality in men and women

A

Lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Carcinomas arise from what type of cell?

A

Epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sarcomas arise from cells that make up what?

A

Bone or connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Leukemia/Lymphomas arise from cells located where?

A

bone marrow/immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the local effects of cancer?
1. Lump (not painful/hard/immobile) 2. Pain 3. Bleeding 4. Pressure on nerves/vessels
26
What are the "B-cell symptoms" that are general systemic effects not due to metastasis?
1. Weight loss 2. Malaise 3. Night sweats 4. Fevers
27
What's the basic concept of cancer screening?
Find cancer very early before it becomes symptomatic
28
What cancers are commonly screened for?
1. Cervical 2. Breast 3. Colon 4. Lung
29
What does the TNM staging system stand for?
1. Tumor (locally invasive?) 2. Nodes: Any? 3. Metastasis (yes/no)
30
Define chemotherapy
Drugs that interfere with cell division (healthy and cancerous)
31
What are the long term effects of chemotherapy?
1. Infertility 2. Lung disease 3. Heart disease
32
Define radiation theraphy
Produces highly reactive radicals, damages nuclear DNA, cancer cells can't reproduce
33
Define biologics
Enhances body's own immune system to fight tumor
34
What are monoclonal antibodies? What's the antibody called for breast cancer?
1. Targeted against known antigens on surface of tumor cells | 2. Herceptin
35
What's the most common malignancy in women? What' the statistic?
1. Breast cancer | 2. 1/8 women
36
What are the risk factors for breast cancer?
1. increased age 2. 1' relatives (3x risk) 3. BRCA 1 + 2 genes 4. More periods 5. Late pregnancy/sex 6. Alcohol consumption
37
For women > 50 yo, a mammogram and manual breast exam should be done when?
every 1-2 years
38
Tamoxifen is only used for estrogen hormone receptor positive tumors. How long can we use it for?
5 years
39
Trastuzamab (Herceptin) is used against what receptors on the tumor?
HER-2/NEU positive tumors
40
Anastrozole (Arimidex) inhibits estrogen synthesis and is used in what type of women?
Used only in post-menopausal women with ER+ tumors
41
What drug do you start on a patient who's been on Tamoxifen for 5 years?
Anastozole (Amiridex)
42
What's the 3rd leading cause of cancer deaths in men and women?
Colon cancer
43
R-sided colon tumors present how?
occult blood loss, anemia
44
L-sided colon tumors present how?
Obstruction Change in bowel habits Red blood in stool
45
Where does colon cancer usually metastasize to ?
Lung and bone
46
An average risk colon cancer pt should get their 1st colonoscopy when?
at 50 yo, then ever 10 yrs
47
If a patient has a 1' relative with colon cancer, when should they get their colonoscopy?
1. at 40 yo | 2. 10 years prior to family member case
48
When do we stop colonoscopy screenings?
75yo
49
What type of polyps will cause cancer sooner?
Villus polyps
50
What's the 2nd leading cause of cancer deaths in men?
Prostate Cancer
51
What % of lung cancer are linked to smoking?
85%
52
What are the type of non-small cell lung cancer?
1. Adenocarcinoma 2. Squamous cell carcinoma 3. Large cell cancer
53
What % of pts already have metastatic disease at time of dx of small cell carcinoma?
80%
54
Small cell lung cancer is associated with what syndrome? What does it do?
Paraneoplastic Syndrome - tumor secretes hormones that mimic your own hormones
55
Adenocarcinomas are found where?
1. Peripheral areas of lung scarring
56
Squamous carcinoma is found where?
1. Central lesions, locally invasive
57
Where is large cell cancer found?
peripherally
58
What are the main symptoms of lung cancer?
1. Hoarseness 2. Non-resolving pneumonia 3. Hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
59
Non-small cell lung cancer is staged using what system?
TNM system
60
How is small cell lung cancer staged?
As limited disease or extensive disease
61
What's the TOC for squamous cell carcinomas?
Radiation
62
What types of HPV are found in 85-90% of cervical cancers?
Type 16 and 18
63
What age should annual pap smears start?
21
64
What are the 2 vaccines for HPV? What types does it cover?
Gardasil + Cervarix | - HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18
65
What's one of the most curable cancers in men?
Testicular cancer
66
How does testicular cancer present?
Palpable nodule/painless swelling on 1 testicle
67
What tumor markers are found in testicular cancer?
1. Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP | 2. Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG)
68
What are the major risk factors of skin cancer?
1. Intense childhood sun exposure 2. Pale complexion 3. Family History
69
What's the major determinant of prognosis for skin cancer?
Depth of tumor invasion
70
What are the ABCD's of skin lesions?
Asymmetry Borders Color Diameter
71
Esophageal cancer is usually found as what 2 carcinomas?
1. Squamous Cell Carcinoma (50%) | 2. Adenocarcinoma (50%)
72
What's a Barium Swallow?
Mass protruding into lumen of esophagus
73
What things are associated with a decreased risk of ovarian cancer?
1. early 1st pregn. 2. Many pregnancies 3. Oral contraceptives 4. Breast feeding
74
What's a major risk factor for liver cancer?
Cirrhosis (fibrosis of the liver)
75
What are the most common causes of liver cancer?
1. Alcohol 2. Chronic Hep B + C 3. Non-alcholic steatohepatitis
76
Hypercalcemia is an oncological emergency as a result of what?
Result of bone invasion or production of hormones that stimulate bone breakdown
77
What tumors are associated w/ hypercalacemia?
``` Squamous cancer Multiple myeloma Breast Cancer Renal Cancers Lymphomas ```
78
SVC syndrome is an oncological emergency due to what?
Due to tumors in the region of the apex of the lung obstructing drainage of the SVC
79
Spinal cord compression can lead to what?
1. Paralysis | 2. Sadle anesthesia
80
Tumor lysis Syndrome is what? What does this cause?
Rapid destruction of tumor cells w/ chemo that cause spill of uric acid, potassium and phosphate into the blood stream - causes rapid drop in calcium
81
If a patient undergoing chemotheraphy comes in with a fever, what are you concerned about?
Febrile Neutropenia
82
What lab test do you want to run?
ANC = Absolute Neutrophil count (if pt is sick, will be <500uL)

Clinical Medicine 2 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions