Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Medicine 2 > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the hallmark signs of cancer cells?

A

Variable shaped nuclei and small cytoplasmic volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do cancer cells proliferate?

A

In an autonomous manner free of any regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of cell: Replicate in strictly regulated way to replace cells that die to allow normal growth

A

Normal Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

T/F: Majority of tumor growth occurs before it’s clinically detectable.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of growth do cancer cells follow?

A

Gompertzian Growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cancer is often an interplay of what 2 factors?

A

Environmental and Genetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A cell can initiate a tumor only when it contains what?

A

2 mutant alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What’s the two-hit theory called for cancer?

A

Knudson Hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Smoking leads to what type of cancer?

A

Lung, bladder, esophageal, H+N

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Alcohol leads to what type of cancer?

A

Liver, esophageal, H+N

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Asbestos/Silica leads to what type of cancer?

A

Lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 inherited genetic factors?

A
  1. Down syndrome
  2. BRCA 1 + 2
  3. Familial Adenomatosis Polyposis (FAP)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 2 acquired genetic factors?

A
  1. Philadelphia chromosome

2. Radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The Down Syndrome genetic factor causes what type of cancer?

A

Acute Leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The BRCA 1 + 2 inherited gene causes what type of cancer?

A

Breast and Ovarian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The FAP (familial adenomatosis polyposis) gene causes what type of cancer?

A

Colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The philadelphia chromosome causes what type of cancer?

A

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Radiation causes what type of cancer?

A

Thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What’s the #1 cancer for women?

A

Breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What’s the #1 cancer for men?

A

Prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What’s the #2 cancer for men and women? This cancer is also the #1 cause of mortality in men and women

A

Lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Carcinomas arise from what type of cell?

A

Epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sarcomas arise from cells that make up what?

A

Bone or connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Leukemia/Lymphomas arise from cells located where?

A

bone marrow/immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the local effects of cancer?

A
  1. Lump (not painful/hard/immobile)
  2. Pain
  3. Bleeding
  4. Pressure on nerves/vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the “B-cell symptoms” that are general systemic effects not due to metastasis?

A
  1. Weight loss
  2. Malaise
  3. Night sweats
  4. Fevers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What’s the basic concept of cancer screening?

A

Find cancer very early before it becomes symptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What cancers are commonly screened for?

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Breast
  3. Colon
  4. Lung
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does the TNM staging system stand for?

A
  1. Tumor (locally invasive?)
  2. Nodes: Any?
  3. Metastasis (yes/no)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Define chemotherapy

A

Drugs that interfere with cell division (healthy and cancerous)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the long term effects of chemotherapy?

A
  1. Infertility
  2. Lung disease
  3. Heart disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Define radiation theraphy

A

Produces highly reactive radicals, damages nuclear DNA, cancer cells can’t reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Define biologics

A

Enhances body’s own immune system to fight tumor

34
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies? What’s the antibody called for breast cancer?

A
  1. Targeted against known antigens on surface of tumor cells

2. Herceptin

35
Q

What’s the most common malignancy in women? What’ the statistic?

A
  1. Breast cancer

2. 1/8 women

36
Q

What are the risk factors for breast cancer?

A
  1. increased age
  2. 1’ relatives (3x risk)
  3. BRCA 1 + 2 genes
  4. More periods
  5. Late pregnancy/sex
  6. Alcohol consumption
37
Q

For women > 50 yo, a mammogram and manual breast exam should be done when?

A

every 1-2 years

38
Q

Tamoxifen is only used for estrogen hormone receptor positive tumors. How long can we use it for?

A

5 years

39
Q

Trastuzamab (Herceptin) is used against what receptors on the tumor?

A

HER-2/NEU positive tumors

40
Q

Anastrozole (Arimidex) inhibits estrogen synthesis and is used in what type of women?

A

Used only in post-menopausal women with ER+ tumors

41
Q

What drug do you start on a patient who’s been on Tamoxifen for 5 years?

A

Anastozole (Amiridex)

42
Q

What’s the 3rd leading cause of cancer deaths in men and women?

A

Colon cancer

43
Q

R-sided colon tumors present how?

A

occult blood loss, anemia

44
Q

L-sided colon tumors present how?

A

Obstruction
Change in bowel habits
Red blood in stool

45
Q

Where does colon cancer usually metastasize to ?

A

Lung and bone

46
Q

An average risk colon cancer pt should get their 1st colonoscopy when?

A

at 50 yo, then ever 10 yrs

47
Q

If a patient has a 1’ relative with colon cancer, when should they get their colonoscopy?

A
  1. at 40 yo

2. 10 years prior to family member case

48
Q

When do we stop colonoscopy screenings?

A

75yo

49
Q

What type of polyps will cause cancer sooner?

A

Villus polyps

50
Q

What’s the 2nd leading cause of cancer deaths in men?

A

Prostate Cancer

51
Q

What % of lung cancer are linked to smoking?

A

85%

52
Q

What are the type of non-small cell lung cancer?

A
  1. Adenocarcinoma
  2. Squamous cell carcinoma
  3. Large cell cancer
53
Q

What % of pts already have metastatic disease at time of dx of small cell carcinoma?

A

80%

54
Q

Small cell lung cancer is associated with what syndrome? What does it do?

A

Paraneoplastic Syndrome - tumor secretes hormones that mimic your own hormones

55
Q

Adenocarcinomas are found where?

A
  1. Peripheral areas of lung scarring
56
Q

Squamous carcinoma is found where?

A
  1. Central lesions, locally invasive
57
Q

Where is large cell cancer found?

A

peripherally

58
Q

What are the main symptoms of lung cancer?

A
  1. Hoarseness
  2. Non-resolving pneumonia
  3. Hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
59
Q

Non-small cell lung cancer is staged using what system?

A

TNM system

60
Q

How is small cell lung cancer staged?

A

As limited disease or extensive disease

61
Q

What’s the TOC for squamous cell carcinomas?

A

Radiation

62
Q

What types of HPV are found in 85-90% of cervical cancers?

A

Type 16 and 18

63
Q

What age should annual pap smears start?

A

21

64
Q

What are the 2 vaccines for HPV? What types does it cover?

A

Gardasil + Cervarix

- HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18

65
Q

What’s one of the most curable cancers in men?

A

Testicular cancer

66
Q

How does testicular cancer present?

A

Palpable nodule/painless swelling on 1 testicle

67
Q

What tumor markers are found in testicular cancer?

A
  1. Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP

2. Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG)

68
Q

What are the major risk factors of skin cancer?

A
  1. Intense childhood sun exposure
  2. Pale complexion
  3. Family History
69
Q

What’s the major determinant of prognosis for skin cancer?

A

Depth of tumor invasion

70
Q

What are the ABCD’s of skin lesions?

A

Asymmetry
Borders
Color
Diameter

71
Q

Esophageal cancer is usually found as what 2 carcinomas?

A
  1. Squamous Cell Carcinoma (50%)

2. Adenocarcinoma (50%)

72
Q

What’s a Barium Swallow?

A

Mass protruding into lumen of esophagus

73
Q

What things are associated with a decreased risk of ovarian cancer?

A
  1. early 1st pregn.
  2. Many pregnancies
  3. Oral contraceptives
  4. Breast feeding
74
Q

What’s a major risk factor for liver cancer?

A

Cirrhosis (fibrosis of the liver)

75
Q

What are the most common causes of liver cancer?

A
  1. Alcohol
  2. Chronic Hep B + C
  3. Non-alcholic steatohepatitis
76
Q

Hypercalcemia is an oncological emergency as a result of what?

A

Result of bone invasion or production of hormones that stimulate bone breakdown

77
Q

What tumors are associated w/ hypercalacemia?

A 
Squamous cancer
Multiple myeloma
Breast Cancer
Renal Cancers
 Lymphomas
78
Q

SVC syndrome is an oncological emergency due to what?

A

Due to tumors in the region of the apex of the lung obstructing drainage of the SVC

79
Q

Spinal cord compression can lead to what?

A
  1. Paralysis

2. Sadle anesthesia

80
Q

Tumor lysis Syndrome is what? What does this cause?

A

Rapid destruction of tumor cells w/ chemo that cause spill of uric acid, potassium and phosphate into the blood stream

  • causes rapid drop in calcium
81
Q

If a patient undergoing chemotheraphy comes in with a fever, what are you concerned about?

A

Febrile Neutropenia

82
Q

What lab test do you want to run?

A

ANC = Absolute Neutrophil count (if pt is sick, will be <500uL)

Clinical Medicine 2 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions