pulmonary infectious disorders Flashcards
What is included with the pulmonary microbiome
preveotella
veilonella
streptococcus
What is pneumonia
infection within the lung tissue
How is pneumonia spread
inhilation
hematogenous
aspiration
Who is at higher risk for aspiration pneumonia
Patients with a decreased cough reflex
What is the most common cause of increased bacterial load within the lungs
microaspiration
What is the most common bacterial cause of pneumonia
strep pneumonia
H. influenza
mycoplasma pneumonia
Which type of pneumonia is associated with otitis media and pharyngitis
Mycoplasma pneumonia
what is the structure of mycobacteria
thick lipid cell wall that creates a waxy layer
What does the waxy layer on mycobacteria allow for
allows for bacteria to form granulomas
How is TB transmitted
aerosolized droplets
When does a TB test become positive after exposure
3 weeks
How does the body react to TB inhalation
Will phagocytize the bacteria and form a chronic granuloma to encase the infection
Clinical presentation of TB
Cough
hemoptysis
pleuritic pain
night sweats
weight loss
fatigue
What are the stages of TB
Primary TB
Progressive primary TB
Latent phase
Reactivation
When does primary TB occur
Initial symptoms post exposure (roughly 3 weeks)
Granuloma is formed and caseous necrosis happens
What is progressive primary TB
New TB infection or newly active disease
may be asymptomatic
What is the reactivation phase of TB
this is the stage where the classic symptoms present
How do you test for TB
Acid fast stain
What is extra pulmonary TB
milliary TB: bacteremic infection that spreads to other tissues
How does TB typically spread within the body and to where
Primary via lymphatics and primarily to the lung apices
What is bronchitis
inflammatory response in the lower respiratory tract
What generally causes bronchitis
virus
Who is bronchiolitis most common in
kiddos
What is the most common viral cause of bronchiolitis
RSV
What is the most common organism for epiglottitis
S aureus
S pneumonia
What viral causes can cause epiglottitis
Flu
Herpes
EBV
HIV
What factors outside of infections that can cause epiglottitis
Thermal burns
trauma
What sound will occur when someone has epiglottitis
Stridor
Will inflammation from epiglottitis travel inferior to the vocal cords?
no
What is the epiglottitis triad
Drooling
Dysphagia
Distress
What is pertussis
Aerobic, gram negative with no known animal reservoirs
What is pertussis virulence factors
They encourage attachment to ciliated epithelial cells within the trachea and bronchi
What is pertussis toxin
Assists with binding and gaining entry into the epithelial cells
What does the pertussis toxin cause
histamine sensitization
increased insulin synthesis
What is Filamentous hemagglutinin
Surface protein pili that will help with adhesiveness
What do pertussis surface proteins help with
Allows for velcro effect to epithelial cells and erythrocytes
What does cytoplasmic adenylate cyclase do
impairs chemotaxis and weakens phagocytosis of host cells
What is tracheal cytotoxin
Destroys ciliated epithelial cells
Body becomes unable to clear mucus and bacteria
How is pertussis transmitted
Inhalation or respiratory droplets
What does pertussis toxin bind to
any mammalian cell and modulates a host immune response
What is another name for pertussis
whooping cough
What are the stages of whooping cough
catarrhal stage (1-2wks)
*pt most contagious in this stage
Paroxysmal stage
*cough becomes very prominent, vomiting an hypoxia are common
Convalescent stage
*pt. no longer contagious
