1000ft review Flashcards
What bone is the cribriform plate attached to
ethmoid
What structures cause turbulent blood flow in the nose
Conchae
What does the mucosa help with in the nose
warmth and humidification of air before it gets to the lungs
What is the function of the paranasal sinuses
Aids in humidification of air
also assists with trapping foreign particles
What are the three sections of the pharynx
naso
oro
laryngo
Which part of the pharynx is the only area for just air
nasopharynx
What makes mucus in the nasopharynx
Goblet cells
What is the passage of both air and food/drink
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
What is the job of the uvula and soft palate
protect upper passages from back flow of fluid
What cells line the oropharynx and laryngopharynx
stratified squamous epithelium
What structures does the laryngopharynx divide into
inferiorly to esophagus and trachea
What protects food from going into the trachea
epiglottis
What are the three main laryngeal cartilage
epiglottis
thyroid
cricoid
What does the end-larynx contain
true and false vocal cords
What structures are included within the hilum
primary bronchus
pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
pulmonary nerve plexus
lymphatics
What lines the respiratory tracts
cilia
Goblet cells
Basal cells
What do goblet cells do
produce mucin to lubricate airway, trap particles, and humidify inhaled air
What do the basal cells do in the lungs
cuboidal cells at the base of the epithelial lining to help differentiate the cell lineages
also act as attachment basement layer
How many layers are there in a bronchiole
3
What are the layers of the bronchioles
epithelial lining
smooth muscle layer
connective tissue layer
What cells do the epithelial lining contain
goblet cells and cilia
Where do the bronchioles branch off of
tertiary bronchi
Where is the only place that gas exchange happens
alveoli
**Respiratory unit
What type of muscle lines the bronchioles for air conduction
smooth
*allows for bronchoconstriction
What controls airway resistance
smooth muscle
What structure surrounds the alveoli
capillary endothelium
What is the function of the external intercostals
pulls the ribs upwards and pull sternum forward to help for expansion in inspiration
What is the function of the internal intercostals
Pulls ribs downward
helps with expiration
Where does the diaphragm originate
xiphoid around rib 7-12 inner surface and posteriorly at L1-L3
What happens to the diaphragm on inspiration
flattens to expand the thoracic cavity
What can limit movement of the diaphragm
tight clothing
pregnancy
obesity
edema
What are the pleural layers
parietal pleural
intrapleural space
visceral pleura
lung parenchyma
What is the intrapleural pressure
-4 to -10mmHg
What is the alveoli and barometric pressure
0mmHg
As volume of air in the alveoli increases, what happens to the pressure
the pressure decreases
*that net negative pressure will cause air to be pulled into the alveoli to equal things out
What muscles are involved with forced expiration
intercostals and abdominal
How many alveoli do you have at birth
25 million
How many alveoli do adults have
300 million
What allows for passage of air between alveoli
Pores of Kohn
What are the different types of alveoli
Type 1: squamous cells
Type 2
Alveolar macrophage
What do type 1 alveoli do
most common alveoli
provides structure
What do type 2 alveoli do
secrete surfactant
What is surfactant
lipoprotein that coats the inner lining of the alveoli to prevent them from collapsing on themselves
When does surfactant get made
around 20wks
What is surfactants job
to reduce surface tension within the alveoli
What is pulmonary compliance
how much the pulmonary cavity can accommodate to changing thoracic volume during respiration
What properties make up pulmonary compliance
elasticity of the lungs
elasticity of the chest wall
surface tension (surfactant)
How do you measure compliance
compliance = Lung volume /
pressure
What does it mean if there is decreased compliance
decreased ability for the required pressure gradients to form
What disease processes cause decrease lung compliance
Pulmonary fibrosis
pulmonary edema
obstructive lung disease
decreased surfactant
obesity
aging
What determines vasoconstriction and vasodilation in lungs
humoral and autonomic system
What will trigger vasoconstriction in the lung
Hypoxia
Why is vasoconstriction during hypoxia important
allows for shunting of blood to the more aerated areas within the lung
What happens if the entire lung becomes vasoconstrictor
pulmonary HTN
How do you determine ventilation
ventilatory rate x volume per breath
What is the difference between perfusion and ventilation
Ventilation = physical act of breathing
Perfusion= oxygen throughout the body
Where does gas exchange occur
alveolocapillary membrane
*capillary beds abutting alveolus
What occurs during gas exchange
O2 is released down the concentration gradient and into the demanding tissue
The O2 can then be used for cellular metabolism = ATP production
Through cellular metabolism… what do cells create
carbonic acid
What is the gas form of carbonic acid
carbon dioxide
What is the Haldane effect
The left shifted. Holds onto oxygen longer
What is the Bohr effect
The right shift. Gets rid of oxygen quickly
What is dead space
Volume of air that does not participate in the gas exchange
What is anatomic dead space
conducting airways
What is alveolar dead space
non-perfused alveoli
What is Q
perfusion
How do you calculate perfusion
cardiac output = HR x SV
How do you calculate ventilation
Tidal volume - dead space x RR
*Amount of air participating in gas exchange and the rate at which is does so
What is a V / Q mismatch
When either ventilation or perfusion is disrupted so there is not good gas exchange
