1000ft review

Question 1

What bone is the cribriform plate attached to

Answer 1

ethmoid

Question 2

What structures cause turbulent blood flow in the nose

Answer 2

Conchae

Question 3

What does the mucosa help with in the nose

Answer 3

warmth and humidification of air before it gets to the lungs

Question 4

What is the function of the paranasal sinuses

Answer 4

Aids in humidification of air

also assists with trapping foreign particles

Question 5

What are the three sections of the pharynx

Answer 5

naso
oro
laryngo

Question 6

Which part of the pharynx is the only area for just air

Answer 6

nasopharynx

Question 7

What makes mucus in the nasopharynx

Answer 7

Goblet cells

Question 8

What is the passage of both air and food/drink

Answer 8

oropharynx
laryngopharynx

Question 9

What is the job of the uvula and soft palate

Answer 9

protect upper passages from back flow of fluid

Question 10

What cells line the oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Answer 10

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 11

What structures does the laryngopharynx divide into

Answer 11

inferiorly to esophagus and trachea

Question 12

What protects food from going into the trachea

Answer 12

epiglottis

Question 13

What are the three main laryngeal cartilage

Answer 13

epiglottis
thyroid
cricoid

Question 14

What does the end-larynx contain

Answer 14

true and false vocal cords

Question 15

What structures are included within the hilum

Answer 15

primary bronchus
pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
pulmonary nerve plexus
lymphatics

Question 16

What lines the respiratory tracts

Answer 16

cilia
Goblet cells
Basal cells

Question 17

What do goblet cells do

Answer 17

produce mucin to lubricate airway, trap particles, and humidify inhaled air

Question 18

What do the basal cells do in the lungs

Answer 18

cuboidal cells at the base of the epithelial lining to help differentiate the cell lineages

also act as attachment basement layer

Question 19

How many layers are there in a bronchiole

Answer 19

3

Question 20

What are the layers of the bronchioles

Answer 20

epithelial lining
smooth muscle layer
connective tissue layer

Question 21

What cells do the epithelial lining contain

Answer 21

goblet cells and cilia

Question 22

Where do the bronchioles branch off of

Answer 22

tertiary bronchi

Question 23

Where is the only place that gas exchange happens

Answer 23

alveoli
**Respiratory unit

Question 24

What type of muscle lines the bronchioles for air conduction

Answer 24

smooth
*allows for bronchoconstriction

Question 25

What controls airway resistance

Answer 25

smooth muscle

Question 26

What structure surrounds the alveoli

Answer 26

capillary endothelium

Question 27

What is the function of the external intercostals

Answer 27

pulls the ribs upwards and pull sternum forward to help for expansion in inspiration

Question 28

What is the function of the internal intercostals

Answer 28

Pulls ribs downward helps with expiration

Question 29

Where does the diaphragm originate

Answer 29

xiphoid around rib 7-12 inner surface and posteriorly at L1-L3

Question 30

What happens to the diaphragm on inspiration

Answer 30

flattens to expand the thoracic cavity

Question 31

What can limit movement of the diaphragm

Answer 31

tight clothing pregnancy obesity edema

Question 32

What are the pleural layers

Answer 32

parietal pleural intrapleural space visceral pleura lung parenchyma

Question 33

What is the intrapleural pressure

Answer 33

-4 to -10mmHg

Question 34

What is the alveoli and barometric pressure

Answer 34

0mmHg

Question 35

As volume of air in the alveoli increases, what happens to the pressure

Answer 35

the pressure decreases *that net negative pressure will cause air to be pulled into the alveoli to equal things out

Question 36

What muscles are involved with forced expiration

Answer 36

intercostals and abdominal

Question 37

How many alveoli do you have at birth

Answer 37

25 million

Question 38

How many alveoli do adults have

Answer 38

300 million

Question 39

What allows for passage of air between alveoli

Answer 39

Pores of Kohn

Question 40

What are the different types of alveoli

Answer 40

Type 1: squamous cells Type 2 Alveolar macrophage

Question 41

What do type 1 alveoli do

Answer 41

most common alveoli provides structure

Question 42

What do type 2 alveoli do

Answer 42

secrete surfactant

Question 43

What is surfactant

Answer 43

lipoprotein that coats the inner lining of the alveoli to prevent them from collapsing on themselves

Question 44

When does surfactant get made

Answer 44

around 20wks

Question 45

What is surfactants job

Answer 45

to reduce surface tension within the alveoli

Question 46

What is pulmonary compliance

Answer 46

how much the pulmonary cavity can accommodate to changing thoracic volume during respiration

Question 47

What properties make up pulmonary compliance

Answer 47

elasticity of the lungs elasticity of the chest wall surface tension (surfactant)

Question 48

How do you measure compliance

Answer 48

compliance = Lung volume / pressure

Question 49

What does it mean if there is decreased compliance

Answer 49

decreased ability for the required pressure gradients to form

Question 50

What disease processes cause decrease lung compliance

Answer 50

Pulmonary fibrosis pulmonary edema obstructive lung disease decreased surfactant obesity aging

Question 51

What determines vasoconstriction and vasodilation in lungs

Answer 51

humoral and autonomic system

Question 52

What will trigger vasoconstriction in the lung

Answer 52

Hypoxia

Question 53

Why is vasoconstriction during hypoxia important

Answer 53

allows for shunting of blood to the more aerated areas within the lung

Question 54

What happens if the entire lung becomes vasoconstrictor

Answer 54

pulmonary HTN

Question 55

How do you determine ventilation

Answer 55

ventilatory rate x volume per breath

Question 56

What is the difference between perfusion and ventilation

Answer 56

Ventilation = physical act of breathing Perfusion= oxygen throughout the body

Question 57

Where does gas exchange occur

Answer 57

alveolocapillary membrane *capillary beds abutting alveolus

Question 58

What occurs during gas exchange

Answer 58

O2 is released down the concentration gradient and into the demanding tissue The O2 can then be used for cellular metabolism = ATP production

Question 59

Through cellular metabolism... what do cells create

Answer 59

carbonic acid

Question 60

What is the gas form of carbonic acid

Answer 60

carbon dioxide

Question 61

What is the Haldane effect

Answer 61

The left shifted. Holds onto oxygen longer

Question 62

What is the Bohr effect

Answer 62

The right shift. Gets rid of oxygen quickly

Question 63

What is dead space

Answer 63

Volume of air that does not participate in the gas exchange

Question 64

What is anatomic dead space

Answer 64

conducting airways

Question 65

What is alveolar dead space

Answer 65

non-perfused alveoli

Question 66

What is Q

Answer 66

perfusion

Question 67

How do you calculate perfusion

Answer 67

cardiac output = HR x SV

Question 68

How do you calculate ventilation

Answer 68

Tidal volume - dead space x RR *Amount of air participating in gas exchange and the rate at which is does so

Question 69

What is a V / Q mismatch

Answer 69

When either ventilation or perfusion is disrupted so there is not good gas exchange