Pulmonary Flashcards
Muscles of expiration
Rectus abs
Transverse abs
Internal/external obliques
Eupnea
Normal breathing
Heard over the lungs. Soft rustling heard throughout all of inspiration andthe beginning of expiration. Is normal, unlabored breathing
Vesicular sounds
Heard over 1st and 2nd intercostal spaces and the interscapularregion
Bronchovesicular sounds
Hallow, echoing. Normally found only over the right superior anterior
thorax through right main stem bronchus. All inspiration and expiration. Normallyheard over the manubrium
Bronchial sounds
Normal PaCO2
35-45
HCO3 normal
22-26
Metabolic acidosis
HCO3 less than 22
PH less than 7.4
Metabolic alkalosis
HCO3 more than 26
Ph more than 7.4
Respiratory acidosis
PaCO2 more than 45
PH less than 7.4
Respiratory alkalosis
PaCO2 less than 35
PH more than 7.4
Volume of gas inhaled (or exhaled) during a normal resting breath (10% of TLC
Tidal volume
Volume of gas that can be inhaled beyond a normal resting tidal inhalation. Makes up 50% of total lung volume
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Volume of gas that can be exhaled beyond a normal resting tidal exhalation, if forced. Makes up 15% of total lung volume
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Volume of gas that remains in the lungs after ERV has beenexhaled. Makes up 25% of total lung volume
Residual volume
IRV + TV
60%
Inspiratory capacity
IRV + TV + ERV
75%
Vital capacity
ERV + RV
Functional residual capacity
Gasping inspiration followed by short expiration
Apneustic
An irregular pattern of deep and shallow breaths; fast deep breathsinterspersed with abrupt pauses in breathing
Biot’s respiration (ataxia)
Distressing dyspnea characterized by increased respiratory rate, increased depth of respiration, panting, and labored respiration typical or air hunger
Kussmaul’s breathing
All or part of the chest wall falls in during inspiration; may be abdominal
expansion during exhalation; can lead to a flattened anterior chest wall orpectus excavatum
Paradoxical breathing
Rales, rattling or bubbling sounds that occur owing to secretions in the air
passages of the respiratory tract. Apparent in patients with CHF. Indicatesatelectasis (alveoli deflated), fibrosis, pulmonary edema
Crackles
Snoring sounds
Stertor
Abnormal transmission of vocal sounds, nasal or bleating sound. “E” sounds are transmitted to sound like “A”. Fluid filled areas of consolidation, cavitation
lesions, or pleural effusions
Egophany
A shrill, harsh sound heard during inspiration in the presence of laryngeal obstruction
Stridor
Abnormal transmission of vocal sound, intense clear sound during auscultationeven at lung bases. Heard through fluid filled areas of consolidation, cavitation lesions or pleural effusion.
Bronchophany
Abnormal transmission of vocal sounds. Whispered sounds are heard clearlyduring auscultations. Heard through fluid filled areas of consolidation,
cavitation lesions or pleural effusion
Whispered pectoriliquoy
Breathing with a rasp or whistling sound from constriction of the throat,
pharynx, trachea or bronchi. Can be heard on both inspiration and expiration.Symptom of asthma and CHF
Wheezing
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is a sign of
Heart failure
Compensatory breathing for metabolic acidosis
Kussmaul repsirations
alternating deep and shallow breathing with periods of apnea which indicates a neurologic or brainstem dysfunction
Cheyenne-stokes
Clubbing on nail beds indicates
Chronic hypoxia
A group of symptoms
present at initial onset of sarcoidosis
Lofgren’s Syndrome
Apical lung tumor at the superior thoracic inlet
Pancoast tumor
Inflammation affecting the parenchyma of the lungs
Pneumonia
Blood clot in pulmonary artery with obstruction of blood supply to the lung parenchyma
Pulmonary embolism
Often a result of DVT
Pulmonary embolism
Damage to alveoli cause
stiffening of the lung due to scarring of the lung tissue
Pulmonary fibrosis
Most common cause is
idiopathic; in some cases,
could be chronic exposure to dust, asbestos, grain dust,
sugar cane, etc.
Pulmonary fibrosis
Inflammation of the body’s organs; mostly lungs
Sarcoidosis
Lumps can form in the lungs, lymph and skin
Sarcoidosis
Airborne disease that attacks the lungs
Tuberculosis
What lung volume increases with obstructive diseases?
Increased RV and FRC
Cystic Fibrosis COPD Asthma Bronchiectasis Respiratory distress syndrome Bronchopulmonary dysplasia Emphysema
Obstructive lung diseases
Pleural effusion PTX TB Pulmonary edema HTN Bronchitis
Restrictive lung diseases
Wheezing, chest tightness, SOB, cyanosis
Asthma
Dyspnea, tachypnea, cyanosis, elevation of temp, drop in BP, substernal retractions, shock
Atelectaiss
Obstructive disease, difficulty clearing secretions; SOB, sputum with or without color,hemoptysis, crackles, wheezes, loud breath sounds
Bronchiectasis
Expectorating cough, dyspnea, wheezing, chest pains, fever, fatigue
Bronchitis
SOB
Cough
Sputum produced
Barrel chest
COPD
persistent cough/wheezing, sputum production, excessive appetite with poor weight gain,salty skin and sweat, bulky/foul smelling stools
Cystic fibrosis
Mostly SOB
Emphysema
Fever
Arthritis
Enlarged lymph nodes
Rash
Lofgren;s syndrome
Shoulder/arm pain along distribution of 8th cervical nerve trunk and 1st/2nd thoracic nerve trunks, weakness and atrophy of muscles of the hand, sensory loss/motor deficit in UE
Pancoast tumor
May be asymptomatic; dyspnea on exertion, chest discomfort, sharp/stabbing chest painsmade worse by coughing/breathing
Pleural effusion
Follows an upper respiratory infection, sudden/sharp chest pains, hacking/productivecough, headache, fatigue, fever/chills, dyspnea, cyanosis, tachypnea, rust/green coloredpurulent sputum.
Pneumonia
Dyspnea, sudden/sharp pleural chest pain, fall in BP, weak/rapid pulse, normal respiratoryfunctions on the affected side cease, pain localized to affect side
Pneumothorax
Restlessness, anxiety, persistent cough, diaphoresis, slight dyspnea, problems w/ exercise,increased respirations,
Pulmonary edema
Dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, apprehension, persistent cough, hemoptysis, diaphoresis,tachypnea, fever
Pulmonary fibrosis
Shortness of breath, fatigue, non-productive cough, angina, fainting, swelling of anklesand feet
Pulmonary HTN
No symptoms, wheezing, coughing, SOB, fatigue, night sweats
Sarcoidosis
fever, chills, night sweats, loss of appetite, fatigue, weight loss, chest pain, persistentcough (sometimes blood)
Tuberculosis
