Pulmonary

Question 1

The space that surrounds the lungs is called the:

Answer 1

Pleural space

Question 2

The substance that lubricates alveoli and reduces surface tension:

Answer 2

Surfactant

Question 3

• What is elastic recoil
• What is compliance?

Answer 3

Elastic recoil: When lungs are able to return to resting state

Compliance: The degree to which the lung can be stretched

(decreased compliance=lungs cannot stretch easily)

Question 4

Ventilation

vs.

Perfusion

Answer 4

Ventilation= Act of breathing

-intake oxygen, outtake oxygen

Perfusion: The equal distribution of gas that occurs during gas exchange.

Question 5

What part of the alveoli does oxygen exchange occur?

-what occurs during perfusion?

Answer 5

Alveolar-capillary membrane

• Oxygen diffueses from alveoli to capillaries
• CO2 diffuses from capillaries to aveoli

Question 6

What is oxygen saturation?

Answer 6

Percentage of available hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen.

Question 7

What is oxy-hemoglobin dissociation/association curve?

Answer 7

Dissociation: Oxygen that travels to tissues

Association: Oxygen that remains in lungs (doesn’t travel to tissues)

Question 8

What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)?

Answer 8

Spontaneous inability to breath during the night.

Question 9

Acute cough

vs.

Chronic cough

Answer 9

Acute: resolves within 2-3 weeks

Chronic: Persistent cough in people that don’t smoke

Question 10

What are these abnormal breathing patterns:

Kussmaul breathing

Cheyne-stokes respirations:

• What are these caused by?

Answer 10

Kussmaul breathing: Hyperventilation usually caused by exercise

Cheyne-stokes respirations: Alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing (caused by decreased blood to brainstem)

Question 11

What is hypercapnea:

Hypocapnea:

What breathing pattern is associated with these conditions?

Answer 11

Hypercapnea: Too much CO2 associated with hypoventilation

Hypocapnea: Too little CO2 associated with hyperventilation

Question 12

What causes clubbing of fingers?

Answer 12

Low oxygen of arterial blood (tissue hypoxia) of extremities caused by lung disease

Question 13

What are signs/symptoms of a pleural infection (lining of lung)?

Answer 13

• Pain
• Friction rub when listening with stethoscope.

Question 14

Hypoxemia vs hypoxia:

Answer 14

Hypoxemia: Reduced oxygenation of arterial blood

Hypoxia: (ischemia) Reduced oxygenation of cells in tissues

Question 15

What is shunting?

What is this usually caused by?

Answer 15

Person with adequate perfusion (gas exchange in alveolar capillary) without adequate ventilation (intake/outtake of oxygen)

Usually caused by disease that prevents ventilation like pneumonia

Question 16

What is alveolar dead space?

What often causes this?

Answer 16

Person is adequately ventilating, but there is a problem with perfusion

A blood clot in the lungs

Question 17

What is a flail chest?

What is it caused by?

Answer 17

Instability of a portion of chest wall that causes effected side of lung to not rise

Often caused by broken rips

Question 18

What is a pneumothorax?

Answer 18

Collapsed lung caused by many deflated alveoli

Question 19

What are these types of pneumothorax:

• Close pneumothorax
• Open pneumothorax

Answer 19

Closed pneumothorax: pneumothorax with no external trauma (intact skin)

Open pneumothorax: Pleural space is broken/penetrated but air can enter and escape pleural space

Question 20

What are these types of pneumothorax:

Tension pneumothorax:

Answer 20

Tension pneumothorax: Broken pleural space that does not allow air to escape pleural space

Question 21

What is pleural effusion?

Answer 21

Buildup of fluid within pleural space

Question 22

What are these types of pleural effusion;

• Empyema
• Hemothorax

Answer 22

Empyema: Infection pleural effusion; made of pus

Hemothorax: Pleural effusion with blood

Question 23

What are aspiration?

Answer 23

Sudden onset of choking when food/liquid travels into thorax

Question 24

What is bronchiestasis?

Answer 24

Abnormal dilation of the bronchi

Question 25

What is atelectasis?

What can this lead to?

Answer 25

Collapse of lung tissue from a few collapsed alveoli

(usually occurs after surgery)

• Can lead to pneumothorax

Question 26

What is the main treatment for atelectsis?

Why might this cause coughing?

Answer 26

Encourage deep breathing:

May cause coughing if substance is in alveoli