Cardiovascular pt.2

Question 1

A blood clot attached to the vessel wall:

Answer 1

Thrombus

Question 2

A detached thrombus is called:

A bolus of matter that circulates in blood:

Answer 2

Detached thrombus: Thromboembolus

Any matter: Embolism

Question 3

What makes embolisms more dangerous than thrombuses?

Answer 3

Can lodge and close off circulation to a specific area:

• Heart
• Lungs (pulmonary embolism)
• Brain

Question 4

What is Raynayd phenomenon:

What are the signs/symptoms?

Answer 4

Spontaneous vasospasm in arteries (ischemia) of fingers/toes

• Bilateral White fingers/toes
• Numbness of fingertips

Question 5

Primary vs secondary raynaud disease:

Answer 5

Primary:

Vasospasm with no known reason.

Secondary:

Secondary to condition (smoking, cold environment)

Question 6

Arteriosclerosis

Vs.

Atherosclerosis

Answer 6

Arteriosclerosis

Thickening/hardening of artery wall

Atherosclerosis:

Type of arteriosclerosis caused by buildup of fat/plaque in arteries

Question 7

• What are the dangers of untreated atherosclerosis?
• What can atherosclerosis lead to?

Answer 7

Is a progressive disease: will eventually fully occlude vessel.

Causes ischemia/tissue necrosis

Question 8

What is peripheral arterial disease (PAD)?

What are the symptoms?

Answer 8

Arherosclerotic disease of arteries of limbs.

Intermittent claudication: Pain with walking (ischemic tissue in legs)

Question 9

What is coronary artery disease (CAD)?

• What results?

Answer 9

Any vascular disorder that occludes coronary artereries:

Leads to mycardial ischemia

(could be atherosclerosis, etc…)

Question 10

What are lipoproteins?

What are the types and amounts?

Answer 10

Lipids like cholesterol/triglycerides

• LDL (bad cholesterol); <100
• HDL (goodl cholesterol); 40-60

Question 11

What are chylomicrons?

Answer 11

Molecules made of triglycerides that aid in absorbing fat in small intestines

Question 12

Risk factors for Coronary artery disease:

Modifiable

vs.

Nonmodifiable

Answer 12

Modifiable:

• Hypertension
• Smoking
• Obesity/diet

Nonmodifiable:

• Age
• Family history

Question 13

What markers in bloodwork indicates Coronary Artery Disease?

Answer 13

• C-reactive protein (indicates inflammation; could be of arteries)
• ESR rate (how fast blood cells fall in cetrifuge)

Question 14

What is myocardial ischemia?

• What is it usually caused by?

Answer 14

Insufficient oxygen content of coronary blood

• often caused by plaque

Question 15

What is angina?

• What are the two types?

Answer 15

Chest pain from myocardial ischemia

1. stable angina: Gradual hardening/narrowing of arterial walls
2. Prinzmetal angina: Unpredictable chest pain from vasospasm (not ischemia)

Question 16

What is silent ischemia?

Answer 16

Mycardial ischemia with no angina or symptoms?

Question 17

What are the treatments for angina?

Answer 17

Decrease myocardial oxygen needs; increase oxygen supply

Oxygen

Question 18

What is a myocardial infarction (MI)?

What are the causes?

Answer 18

Area of heart is permanently destroyed;

caused by decreased blood flow of coronary artery

Question 19

What are the steps of a myocardial infarction?

Answer 19

• Oxygen depletion leads to cyanotic heart cells
• Ischemia causes lactic acid buildup (pain) and cell death
• Cells release catecholamines

Question 20

What causes the heart to fail/have an irregular heart beat with myocardial infarction?

Answer 20

Catecholamines (epinephrine/norepinephrine) released by dying cells