Integumentary Flashcards
What are primary vs secondary lesions?
Primary lesions: Anything that is not normal of the skin. (mole, bruise)
Secondary lesions: A lesion that results from a lesion (scratching, crusting)
Pressure ulcers
What are they?
Why do they commonly result?
- Sores that result from prolonged, unrelieved pressure
- Bone (tailbone, heel) presses on b.v. and causes decreased blood supply and necrosis
What are these things that can cause pressure ulcers:
- Shearing
- Friction
- Shearing: Two surfaces move against each other (patient moves against mattress)
- Friction: Two surfaces rubbing against one another (both surfaces move: sheets)
What are these stages of pressure ulcers:
- Stage 1
- Stage 2
Stage 1: Non-blanchable erythema intact skin
Stage 2: partial thinckness Skin loss involving epidermis/dermis
What are these stages of pressure ulcers:
- Stage 3
- Stage 4
- Stage 3= Full thickness skin loss with loss of fatty tissue
- Stage 4: Full thickness skin loss with damage to muscle/ligaments/bones (appears silvery)
What are these types of pressure ulcers:
- Suspected deep tissue injury
- Unstageable:
Deep tissue: Discolored intact skin (purple/maroon) (feels mushy)
Unstageable: Full tissue loss but covered by slough or eschar
What are the preventative techniques for pressure ulcers:
- Skin assessment (every shift)
- Frequent Reposition/pressure reduction
- Elimination of moisture
What are some risk factors of pressure ulcers:
- Malnutrition (lack of protein)
- Previous ulcers
- lack of movement
What are these terms:
- Comedome
- Burrow
Comedome: Oil gland that gets plugged with dirt/debris
Burrow: Parasite that burrows through skin
What are these terms:
- Petechiae
- Purpura
- Telangiectasia
Petechiae: Little red pinpoints from rupture capillary
Purpura: Large purble/blue skin from ruptured capillary
Telangiectasia: Dilated superficial blood vessels
Pruritus
What is it/what is it caused by?
Pruritus: Itching caused by mediators like histamine
Eczema:
What are these types of dermatitis:
What are the treatments
Inflammation/thickening of skin that cause bumps/pruritus
Treatment: Antihistamine
What is alergic contact dermatitis:
Type 4 allergic reaction (T-cell mediated/delayed) that causes dermatitis from contact with allergen
(poison ivy)
- What is irritant contact dermatitis?
- What is Atopic Dermatitis?
Irritant contact
Innate immune response from skin irritation (not an allergy)
Atopic Dermatitis:
Type 1 hypersensitivity (IgE antibodies) from asthma, allergies, etc…
What is Stasis Dermatitis?
What are the treatments?
Inflammation of skin from venous stasis/edema
Treatments:
- Elevate legs
- Avoid standing still for long periods
What is seborrheic dermatitis?
Inflammation of primarily scalp/face (can be anywhere)
- Scaly, dry flaky skin (dandruff or cradle cap)
What is Psoriasis?
Chronic skin disorder that causes thick, silvery scales
- Skin growth rate is higher than falloff rate
What is the difference in eczema and psoriasis?
Eczema
is thought to be environmental
Inflamed skin
Psoriasis
Autoimmune
Buildup of skin
What is Vasiculobullous diseases:
- Pemphigus
- Erytema multiforme
- Pemphigus= Painful blisters
- Erythema multiforme= Bullseye lesions that can pop and increase risk for infection
What are these types of bacterial infections:
- Folliculitis
- Curbuncles
- Impetigo
Folliculitis: Single infected hair follicle
Carbuncle: Group of infected hair follicles
Impetigo: Skin infection that causes honey, crusted lesions
What are these types of fungal infections:
Tinea
Candidiasis
Tinea: Fungal infection of skin
Candidiasis: Uncontrolled growth of fungus (yeast infection)
What are these viral infections:
- Herpes simplex
- Herpes zoster/varicella
- Warts
Herpes: Chronic sores of mouth/genitals
Herpes zoster/varicella: Virus that causes scaly skin lesions (chicken pox)
Warts: benign tumor caused by human papillomavirus
What are these types of insect infestations:
Scabies
Pediculosis
Scabies: Insect that burrows through the skin
Pediculosis: Infestation of the hair (lice/crabs)
What is Urticaria?
What are the treatments?
Circumscribed area of raised/red skin (hives)
Most resolve without treatment
What is this benign tumor: seborrheic keratosis?
Darkened, skin growth on older adults.
What is Actinic keratosis?
Pre-malignant crusty, scaly lesion
What are nevi?
Moles: Increased deposits of melanin
Basal cell carcinoma
What is it?
Growth rate/metastasis?
Skin cancer of deeper layer of epidermis (crusty looking)
Grows slowly, metastasis is rare
Squamous cell carcinoma
What is it?
Can it metastasize?
Tumor of epidermis
Often either pre-invasive (in-situ) or will be invasive
What are first degree burns?
What are the signs?
Burn of the epidermis only.
Loal pain/erythema
What are second degree burns?
What are the signs?
Burn of the epidermis as well as dermis.
- Most painful type of burn
- Blisters will form
What are third degree burns?
What are the signs?
Burn that involves epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue.
- Charred/blackened/white skin
- No pain (nerves destroyed)
Burns that go around extremeties increase the risk for:
Contractures: Elastic skin is replaced with scar tissue that is not stretchy
(joint loses movement)
How do you estimate percentage of body that is burned?
What happens internally when someone gets a major burn?
Fluid/electrolyte/protein are lost into tissues (edema)
- Blood pressure drops
- Hypovolemia
Liver enlarges
- Blood clotting factors increase
What is burn shock?
Shock= massive blood/fluid loss
Burn shock= Burn victims have decreased cardiac output (less blood to organs)
What changes of the blood contents occur with burn victims?
WBCs and Hct counts increase (do not leak out)
Hyperglycemia (enlarged liver)
What happens to the metabolism of a burn victim?
What occurs in response?
Metabolism increases:
- Core body temperature increases (fever)
- Hypercapnea (too much CO2)
What are the secondary risks for burn victims?
- Fluid loss from skin (sweating) and lungs (increased RR)
- Increased infections (skin breakdown)
What are stomach ulcers that occur in burn victims?
Curling ulcers (stress that occurs internally)
- What is frostbite?
- What injuries result from it?
- Skin tissue freezes through exposure to extreme cold.
- Inflammation and reperfusion (damage caused by blood return)
What are the 3 stages of frotbite?
Frostnip
Skin turns red
Superficial Frostbite
Skin turns white/blisters
Deep frostbite
Skin turns black/all layers of skin
- Loss of hair is known as:
Alopecia
Abnormal growth of hair is known as:
Hirsutism
- What is paronychia?
- What is onychomycosis?
Parnychia: Infection of cuticle
Onchomycosis: Fungal infection of nail
