Cardiovascular part 3

Question 1

What is acute pericarditis?

What is pericardial effusion?

Answer 1

Pericarditis:

Inflammation of pericardium (lining of heart)

Effusion:

fluid buildup in pericardial space

Question 2

What occurs directly to the heart with pericardial effusion?

Answer 2

The heart chambers compress;

cardiac output decreases (as ventricles are compressed)

Question 3

Rapid pleural effusion is known as:

Answer 3

Tamponade-fluid

Question 4

What are the signs/symptoms of pericarditis?

Answer 4

• Friction rub can be heard when listening through stethoscope
• Difficulty breathing when lying down

Question 5

What is cardiomyopathies?

Answer 5

An enlarged heart

Question 6

What are these disorders of heart valves:

Stenosis

vs.

Regurgitation

Answer 6

Stenosis

Hardening of valve that causes blood to not fully eject

Rergurgitation

Valve does not close completely; blood reenters previous chamber

Question 7

What is rheamatic fever?

What can this lead to?

Answer 7

Untreated strep infections lead to infection of heart valves;

Rheumatic heart disease= damage to heart valves from infection

Question 8

What are some coomon symptoms of rheumatic fever?

Answer 8

Fever, skin rash, joint pain

Question 9

Infective endocarditis

What is it?

Who commonly gets this?

Answer 9

Infection of the endocardium

Prosthetic heart valves; IV drug users

Question 10

What are additional measures that patients with a history of endocarditis must take for dental procedures?

Answer 10

Person must take prophylactic antibiotics before dental procedure

Question 11

What are specific signs of endocarditis?

Answer 11

Janeway lesions; red lesion on palms

Osler nodes: pain lesions on fingertips

Question 12

What is a dysrhtmias (arrhythmia)?

Answer 12

Heart is out of normal rate or rhythm

Question 13

What is heart failure?

Answer 13

Generic term for dysfunctions that result in inadequate perfusion of tissues with nutrients.

Question 14

What is remodeling of the heart that occurs during heart failure?

What occurs to cardiac output?

Answer 14

The heart enlarges to accomodate for injury/heart failure.

Compresses ventricles (amount of blood in ventricles is less)

Question 15

What is left sided heart failure?

What are the symptoms?

Answer 15

Left side fails and blood backs up into lungs.:

• Dyspnea
• Cough with frothy sputum
• Orthopnea
• Pulmonary edema

Question 16

What is Right sided heart failure?

What are the symptoms?

Answer 16

Right sided failure that causes blood to back up into body tissues:

• Peripheral edema
• Ascites (abdominal swelling)
• Liver congestion

Question 17

Heart failure from myocardial infarctions are caused by:

Answer 17

Decreased contractility (strength of heart)

• Kidney issues (decreased renal perfusion)
• Decreased Ejection fraction (percentage of blood that leaves ventricle)

Question 18

What is shock?

Answer 18

Cardiovascular system fails to perfuse tissues; tissues fail to get oxygen.

Question 19

What are these types of shock:

• Cardiogenic
• Hypovolemic

Answer 19

Cardiogenic:

Decreased cardiac output from damage to heart (usually caused by myocardial infarction)

Hypovolemic:

Caused by loss of body fluids (bleeding, burns)

Question 20

What are the signs of hypolemic shock?

Answer 20

Low blood pressure with proportionalyl increased heart rate

Question 21

What are these types of shock:

Neurogenic

Anaphylactic

Answer 21

Neurogenic

Widespread vasodilation (parasympathetic overstimulation) from trauma to spine

Anaphylactic

Widespread hypersensitivity reaction (allergy)

Question 22

What are the signs of neurogenic shock

Answer 22

• Heart rate decreases with normal-high cardiac output.
• Blood pressure falls.
  *

Question 23

What is septic shock?

Answer 23

Infection that progresses to bacteremia.

Sepsis (damage to organs) occurs and causes shock.

Question 24

What is multiple organ dysfunction syndrome?

What are the causes?

Answer 24

Dyfunction of two or more organ systems from severe illness/injury.

• Commonly caused by septic shock