Cardiovascular

Question 1

The space between the visceral (lines heart) and pleura linging of heart is:

Answer 1

Pericardial space

Question 2

If the SA node fails, what other node delivers the impulse?

What is the main sign for this?

Answer 2

AV node

• Heartrate is slower than normal (20-30)

Question 3

What do elevated troponin levels indicate?

Answer 3

Hormone released by heart into blood when heart is damaged.

Question 4

The main arteries that deliver blood to the heart:

Answer 4

Coronary arteries

Question 5

What is heart contractility?

What hormone helps regulate this?

Answer 5

Strength of the heart’s contraction

Calcium increases heart contractility

Question 6

What risks occur for the heart when there is too much calcium?

Answer 6

Heart cannot rest (diastole); heart failure usually occurs

Question 7

The percent of ventricle blood ejected with each beat:

• What is a normal percentage?

Answer 7

Ejection fraction (50-70%)

Question 8

If ejection fraction is too low, what does this indicate?

Answer 8

Ventricles are failing.

Question 9

What do these terms mean:

• Inotropic:
• Chronotropic:

Answer 9

inotropic: Related to force of contration

Chronotropic: Related to heart rate

Question 10

What do baroreceptors do?

Answer 10

Notice changes to blood pressure and adjust accordingly.

(stimulate sympathetic/parasympathetic)

Question 11

What are the types of natriuretic peptides?

What do they do?

Answer 11

ANP:

• Released from atria when atrial pressure is high

BNP:

• Released from ventricles and ventricular pressure is high
• (indicates heart failure)

Question 12

Varicose veins:

• What are they?
• What are the risks?

Answer 12

DIlated veins from incompetent valves:

• Long periods of standing
• Crossing legs

Question 13

What is a Deep vein thromosis (DVT)?

What are the causes?

Answer 13

Obstruction of venous flow; increased venous pressure.

Causes:

• Venous stasis (pools)
• Endothelial damage

Question 14

SIgns of DVT:

Answer 14

• One leg/arm is darker red/pink
• Warmer to touch

Question 15

What are the treatments for DVT?

Answer 15

Treatment (stimulate blood flow):

• Elastic hose
• Pneumatic compression device

Question 16

What are these stages of hypertension:

• Normal
• Prehypertension

Answer 16

Normal: <120/<80

Prehypertension: 120-139/80-89

Question 17

What are these stages of hypertension:

• Stage 1
• Stage 2

Answer 17

Stage 1:

140-159/90-99

Stage 2:

>160/>100

Question 18

What is primary hypertension?

What are the risks?

Answer 18

Idiopathic hypertension (no known cause)

Risks:

• High salt
• Age
• Obesity

Question 19

What is secondary hypertension?

Answer 19

Hypertension caused by systemic disease (kidney failure)

Question 20

What is complicated hypertension?

What is malignant hypertension?

Answer 20

Complicated:

Chronic damage to wall of BV from hypertension.

Malignant:

Can lead to organ damage; Diastolic BP >140

Question 21

What is orthostatic hypotension?

Answer 21

Decrease in sytolic (20 mmHg) or diastolic (10 mmHg) blood pressure when standing.

Question 22

What is an aneurysm?

Answer 22

Local dilation/outpouching of vessel wall or cardiac chamber

Question 23

True aneurysm

vs.

False aneurysm

Answer 23

True:

Involves all three layers of the vessel

False:

Doesn’t involve layers of vessel; hematoma/blood clot sit on vessel

Question 24

Cerebral aneurysms lead to what:

Answer 24

If ruptures, causes a stroke.

Question 25

What is a main symptom of abdominal aneurysm?

Main symptoms of thoracic aneurysm?

Answer 25

Abdominal Aneurysm:

Patient complains of back pain.

Thoracic:

Dysphagia (trouble swallowing)

Dyspnea (shortness of breath)