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Fundamentals of Disease > Pulmonary > Flashcards

Pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary disease (5)

A
  • chest pain
  • clubbing
  • cough (dry or wet)
  • dyspnea (orthopnea: dyspena felt in supine position)
  • cyanosis (central vs. peripheral)
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2
Q

3 types of pulmonary related chest wall deformities:

A
  • barrel chest: thoracic cage permanently held in expanded inspiration position
  • kyphosis/scoliosis (restricts lung capacities)
  • funnel chest
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3
Q

infection localized to mucosa of the upper respiratory tract (nose, pharynx, larynx)

A

upper respiratory tract infections

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4
Q

examples of infection in the lower respiratory tract include (3):

A
  • bronchitis
  • pneumonia
  • tuberculosis
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5
Q

________:

Etiology: inflammation of the lung, caused by an infection or aspiration. mostly caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi

SandS: productive cough, SOB and decreased chest excursion, decreased or absent lung sounds, chest pain, aches and fever. Later: decrease in inflammation/ infection + cough, ++ adventitous lung sounds (crackles)

A

pneumonia

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6
Q

______:

an infection caused by mycobacterium _______. Bacteria usually attack lungs, can effect kidney, spine and brain. multidrug resistant form d/t incomplete course of meds

A

tuberculosis

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7
Q

etiology of ______:

  • airborn transmission, oral droplets released from person with active infection
  • droplets inhaled into lungs by another individual. prevention is key
A

tuberculosis

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8
Q

SandS of tuberculosis:

A
  • anorexia
  • malaise
  • fatigue
  • weight loss
  • night sweats
  • prolonged, productive cough
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9
Q

a person with _______ TB cannot infect others with TB.

Tx: medication cocktail for 6+ months. PT not indicated

A

latent

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10
Q

diseases that cause obstruction (blockage) of airways. total lung capicity may be normal, but time of maximal inhale or exhale is increased

A

obstructive lung diseases

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11
Q

5 examples of obstructive lung diseases include:

A
  • chronic bronchitis
  • asthma
  • bronchiectasis
  • emphysema
  • cystic fibrosis
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12
Q

inflammation of mucous membranes of the bronchi

causes a cough, SOB and chest tightness

2 main types: acute and chronic

A

bronchitis

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13
Q

cough, with our without sputum

often occurs during acute viral illness ie. common cold

90% viral, 10% bacterial

meds: antibiotics and bronchodilators

A

acute bronchitis

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14
Q

productive cough that lasts for 3 months for 2 years in a row

often developed due to recurrent injury to the airways caused by inhaled irritants

secretions cause damage to small airways

A

chronic bronchitis

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15
Q

PT interventions for Chronic Bronchitis 4:

A
  • airways clearance techniques
  • improve exercise tolerance, aerobic capicity, str and functional mobility
  • str training of respiratory mm
  • training intensity at 60-85% Vo2max 3x/week at least 15 minutes
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16
Q

5 types of disease.
SandS include:

  • non-productive cough
  • expriatory wheezes
  • apprehension
  • sweating
  • tachycardia
A

asthma

types:

  • allergic
  • non allergic
  • exercise induced
  • adult onset
  • aspirin induced
17
Q

reversible obstructive disease, consisting of inflammation, bronchospasm

stimulated by: allergens (smoke, perfumes, animal dander), exercise, extreme temperatures, dry or dusty air

A

astma

status asthmaticus = medical emergency

18
Q

degenerative obstructive disease of alveoli. primary cause is smoking. Enzymes produced during inflammation process destroy alveoli -> decrease function as a gas exchange unit
- patients “over-inflate” lungs to increase volume for gas exchange -> barrel chest

dry cough, obstruction from trapped/retained air

A

emphysema

19
Q

congenital disorder of exocrine glands with defect on chromosome 7

sodium and chloride transport disorder

thicker mucous secretions, salty sweat, meds: mucolytics

A

cystic fibrosis

20
Q

reduced stretch of thoracic cavity and alveoli. restrict inspiration, reduce pulmonary volumes and capacities

inflammation or fibrosis (scarring) of lung tissue due to exposure to asbestos, coal, or silicon dust can restrict alveoli

mm weakness, bony deformities of chest wall, atelactasis, pneumonia, p edema, pneumothorax

all lung volumes are smaller

A

restrictive lung diseases

21
Q

fluid collecting in the alveoli and interstital area

fluid reduces amount of oxygen diffusing into the blood –> interferes with lung expansion –> reducing oxygenation of blood

congestive heart failure may lead to a shift of fluid out of the capillaries and into the alveoli

meds: 02 and diuretics (like cardiac meds)

A

pulmonary edema

22
Q

pulmonary edema may results from (5):

A
  • congestive heart failure
  • kidney disease
  • liver disease
  • inflammation in the lungs
  • blocked lymphatic drainage
23
Q

SandS of _______:

  • cough
  • crackles
  • sputum is frothy
  • labored breathing
  • hypoxia increases
  • cyanosis develops
A

pulonary edema

24
Q

artery lung blocked, usually from LE blood clot, life threatening

SandS: sudden onset of SOB, pain worsens with deep breathing, coughing, eating or bending, coughing up blood, wheezing, LE edema, rapid pulse, lightheadedness

Tx: anticoagulants, surgery, compression, stockings, fluids

A

pulmonary embolism

25
Q

air in pleural cavity, collapsed lung, build up of air puts pressure on the lung, so it cannot expand normally

caused by: chest trauma, spontaneous, scuba diving, hiking, flying, cigarettes, weed

A

pneumothorax (collapsed lung)

26
Q

SandS of _______:

  • dyspnea
  • chest pain
  • cough
  • reduced breath sounds
  • unequal chest movement
  • hypoxia
  • increased hr
  • low bp
A

pneumothorax

likely to have another in the future if tall and thin, continue to smoke, have had 2 in the past

27
Q

tests acidity of oxygen and CO2 levels in arterial blood

checks levels of bicarbonate and pH

checks how well the lungs are moving oxygen into blood and removing CO2

A

arterial blood gas test (ABG)

28
Q

ABGs measure (4):

A
  • partial pressure of oaxygen (PaO2)
  • partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2)
  • hydrogen ions in blood (pH)
  • bicarbonate (HCO3)
29
Q

Normal ABG values:

pH between ___ and ___ in blood

PaO2: 80 to 100 mm hg

PaCO2: 35-45 mm hg

A

7.35 and 7.45

30
Q

used to measure the oxygen saturation of blood

normal values = 90% to 100%

readings may not be reliable during activity

A

pulse oximeter

31
Q

imaging that is helpful in evaluation of tumors/infections ie. TB and pneumonia

A

chest x-ray

32
Q

spirometry: based on max forced exhalation

FEV1- volume exhaled in 1 second

A

pulmonary function test

33
Q

lung sounds: breath sounds, adventitious sounds

A

auscultation

34
Q

PT technique usuing gravity in various positions to facilitate flow of secretions from various parts of the lung into the bronchi, trachea and throat so that they can be cleared and expelled from the lungs more easily

A

postural drainage

35
Q

PT technique usuing external forces to speed up flow of mucus. mucus mobilization is followed by coughing

A

percussion and vibration

36
Q

4 treatments for asthma and emphysema:

A
  • postural awareness
  • breathing exercises
  • airway clearance techniques
  • strengthening and endurance exercises for respiratory and accessory mm
37
Q

_____:

normal respiratory rate: 12-20bpm

tachypnea: 24 bpm
bradypnea: < 10 bpm
apnea: absence of breathing
sleep apnea
cheyne strokes

A

breathing patterns

38
Q

irregular breathing pattern; deep breaths followed by periods of apnea

A

cheyne strokes

Fundamentals of Disease (10 decks)

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