cancer

Question 1

cells that are uniform size, shape and structure

Answer 1

normal cells

Question 2

normal cells change to form specific tissue and physiologic function

Answer 2

differentiation

Question 3

disorganization of cells, varies, can reverse or progress

Answer 3

dysplasia

Question 4

increased number of cells in tissue = mass

Answer 4

hyperplasia

Question 5

abnormal growths, new tissue without purpose = neoplasms

Answer 5

tumors

Question 6

Tumors: benign, malignant

primary - ______

secondary - _______

carcinoma in situ - _______

anaplastic - _________

Answer 6

primary - local cells

secondary - metastasized from other tissue (in predictable pattern)

carcinoma in situ - pre invasive, premalignant, epithelial from glandular/squamous cells

anaplastic - undifferentiated, no sign of parent tissue

Question 7

neoplasms are classified by 5:

Answer 7

• cell or tissue type
• origin
• differentiation
• site
• benign/malignant

Question 8

moles, ganglion, fibromas, lipomas

small to 3-4 inches

usually painless and does not spread

Answer 8

benign

Question 9

type: _______ protect, excrete, absorb
names: carcinoma, adenocarcinomas - glandular

Answer 9

epithelial

Question 10

type: _______ in tissue, mm, bone, cartilage, fat
name: sarcomas

Answer 10

connective tissue

Question 11

type: ______ in brain and spinal cord
name: astrocytoma

Answer 11

nerves

Question 12

type: _____ in lymph nodes, spleen
name: lymphoma

Answer 12

lymphoid

Question 13

type: ______ in bone marrow
name: leukemia

Answer 13

hematopoietic

Question 14

staging based on (4):

Answer 14

• extent of disease
• rate of growth
• prognosis
• comparisons

Question 15

stage 0 -

stage I -

stage II -

stage III -

stage IV -

Answer 15

stage 0 - in situ

stage I - local

stage II - tumor size

stage III - spread

stage IV - distant sites

Question 16

grading (different than staging) scale of 1-4:

1 -

4-

Answer 16

1 - more closely resembles the tissue of origin

4 - poorly differentiated cells, more likely to metastasize early

Question 17

factors, epidemiology (6)

Answer 17

• geographic/environment
• lifestyle
• 2nd leading cause of death in USA
• nutrition, smoking, lack of exercise, ozone destruction
• men: prostate, lung colon
• women: breast, lung, colon

Question 18

etiology (3)

Answer 18

genetic - theory of oncogenes

environmental/exogenous

multi-factorial: viral, chemical, hormones, ETOH

Question 19

risk factors:

Answer 19

• age
• lifestyle
• modifiable: tobacco, ETOH, obesity, inactivity, diet/nutrition, unsafe sex, pollution

Question 20

primary tumor breaks away, travels via blood and/or lymph to organ capillaries

common sites: nodes, liver, lung, bone, brain

influences: aging, immune supression, hormonal, pregnancy, stress
occur: 3-5 yrs up to 15-20 yrs

Answer 20

metastases

Question 21

_______ pain is a red flag for cancer

Answer 21

thoracic pain

Question 22

questions to ask pt:

Answer 22

• pain worse at night?
• pain not relieved with rest?
• pain constant, rather than intermittent?
• night sweats?
• unexplained weight loss >10lbs in last few months
• decreased memory?
• thoracic pain?
• family history of CA?

Question 23

SandS (6):

Answer 23

• frequently asymptomatic
• N/V, retching, anorexia, unplanned weight loss
• pain (most common)
• depression
• fatigue
• mole, non-healing wound

Question 24

pain can present as _____, _____, _____

Answer 24

somatic, visceral, neuropathic

Question 25

_____:

• primary: screening, eliminate risks
  secondary: early detection, prompt tx
  tertiary: managing symptoms

Answer 25

prevention