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Fundamentals of Disease > musculoskeletal > Flashcards

musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

4 main imaging techniques:

A
  • xray
  • CT scan
  • MRI
  • DXA
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2
Q

imaging technique: photons produced by electromagnetic energy are absorbed by large calcium atoms but not absorbed by smaller atoms in soft tissue

useful in the detection of pathology of the skeletal system

A

X-ray

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3
Q

The ABCDs of reading X-rays:

A

A - alignment

B - bone (is it intact, fractured, has spurs?)

C - cartilage (joint spaces between bones)

D - density (osteoporosis cannot be Dxed by a X-ray)

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4
Q

Imaging technique:

combines a series of X-ray views taken from many different angles and computer programming to produce cross-sectional images of the bones and soft tissues

A

CT Scan

Computerized Tomography

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5
Q

3 main CT scan indications:

A
  • when xray results are normal, but physical exam findings suggest pathology is present
  • determining pathology in the transverse plane
  • small lesions
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6
Q

imaging technique:

uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues within 3 dimensional images

Can’t be used if metal is present

A

MRI, Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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7
Q

imaging technique:

preferred technique for measuring bone density

non-invasive, 10-20 minutes, mostly hip and spine.

A

DEXA

Dual Energy X-ray Absortiometry

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8
Q

_______:

  • Loose joints
  • short stature
  • h/o multiple fractures (BUE and BLE)
  • mild scoliosis
  • wears B AFOs
    DME: rear-wheeled walker, manual wc
    Meds: bisphosphonate (since 3yo)
A

osteogenesis imperfecta

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9
Q

_____ is second only to heart disease as a cause of work disability

A

arthritis

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10
Q

A type of arthritis marked by progressive cartilage deterioration in synovial joints, particularly hands, spine, knees and hips.

A

Osteoarthritis, OA

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11
Q

an autoimmune disorder causing chronic systemic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. Presence of serum rheumatoid factor

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis, RA

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12
Q

pain in cartilage, bone, swelling is ____ pain

A

peripheral pain (local)

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13
Q

pain causing diffuse hyperalgesia, multifocal, fatigue, insomnia, memory impairment, mood disorders

A

central pain

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14
Q
  • an alteration in pain processing
  • loss of descending anti-nociceptive mechanisms
  • “wind up”
  • sensitivity of central neurons to peripheral inputs
A

central sensitization

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15
Q

perceived increase in pain intensity over time when a given painful stimulus is delivered repeatedly above a critical rate. Caused by repeated stimulation of group C peripheral nerve fibers, leading to progressively increasing electrical response in the corresponding spinal cord neurons.

A

wind-up

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16
Q

perceived pain from non-painful input

A

allodynia

17
Q

heightened painful sensation from a painful input (out of proportion to the stimulus)

A

hyperalgesia

18
Q

______ SandS:

  • resting and night pain
  • morning stiffness lasting > 1 hour
  • muscle weakness
  • lethargy, weight loss
  • swelling; inflammatory signs
  • joint deformities
  • muscle wasting
A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

19
Q

treatments for RA:

A
  • surgery: joint replacements, joint fusions

- PT: exercise, aquatic therapy, modalities

20
Q

deposits of uric acid crystals in tissue and fluid. Episodic rather than chronic. Risk factors include:

  • diuretic use
  • diet rich in purines (seafood, red meat)
  • beer and spirits intake
A

gout

21
Q

formerly known as “Marie Strumpell disease

  • S and S include:
  • fibrosis
  • calcification
  • fusion of joints
  • very painful
A

Ankylosing Spondylitis

22
Q

asymptomatic, loss of ROM, swelling, warmth, tenderness, progressive loss of motion when inflammation should be resolving.

  • bone formation in soft tissue
  • idiopathic, prolonged immobility
A

Heterotopic Ossification

23
Q

inflammation of a bursa. This small sac acts as a cushion between moving structures

  • most common in hip, elbow, knee, and heel
A

bursitis

24
Q

inflammation of a tendon usually due to repetitive motion. Very tender to the touch

A

tendinitis

25
Q

inflammation of the lining of the synovial sheath that surrounds a tendon. Most common is DeQuervains in wrist

A

tenosynovitis

26
Q

deceased bone mass and microdamage.
SandS:

  • loss of weight
  • postural changes
  • back pain
  • weakness
A

Osteoporosis

27
Q

softening of the bones. Metabolic disorder involving mineral loss in bone. SandS:

  • pain
  • pathological fractures
  • muscle weakness
  • changes on radiographs
  • changes in blood work
  • legs bowing
  • children below average height
A

osteomalacia

28
Q 
a bone infection usually caused by bacteria or fungi.
SandS:
- signs of infection
- blood count abnormalities
- swelling
- radiographic changes
- muscle spasms
- abscesses
- may be asymptomatic
- pain
- tenderness to touch
- fever
A

osteomyelitis

29
Q
  • progressive bone disease that occurs in adults older than 40 years
  • metabolic disorder affecting how bone breaks down and remodels
  • the rate at which old bone is broken down and new bone is formed is distorted, bones appear thick and are brittle
A

Paget’s Disease

30
Q

abnormal growth of cells within the bone that may be benign or malignant.

A

bone tumors

31
Q

pain and stiffness in multiple proximal muscles due to joint inflammation

  • gradual onset
  • idiopathic
  • responds well to prednisone
A

polymyalgia rheumatica

32
Q

overuse/muscle stress syndrome with trigger points. Caused by overload, trauma, postural faults, stress

A

myofascial pain syndrome

Fundamentals of Disease (10 decks)

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