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Fundamentals of Disease > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

secrete hormones into blood which circulate to target cells in glands or tissues

A

endocrine glands

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2
Q

chemical messengers classified by action, source, or chemical structure (steroid or non-steroid)

A

hormones

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3
Q

After acting on specific receptors/target cells, ______ are metabolized (excreted by kidneys) preventing excessive accumulation over time.

A

hormones

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4
Q

The release if hormones is a _______ feedback mechanism

A

negative feedback

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5
Q

the endocrine system works with the ______ system to regulate metabolic activities

A

nervous system

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6
Q

to maintain well-controlled blood level of a substance a balance of several hormones is required. The ____ or ____ of hormone secretions will affect overall hormone levels

A

rate, timing

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7
Q

3 causes of hormonal imbalance

A
  1. adenomas: secretory/ excess hormone, destructive/ hormonal deficit
  2. resistant target cells (create hormone deficit)
  3. congenital/infection/vascular defects
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8
Q

______ may treat hormone deficits

A

hormone replacement therapy

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9
Q

_____ may treat adenomas causing excessive secretions

A

surgery/radiation

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10
Q

Hormone _______:

  • from pancreas
  • controls amount of blood sugar
  • controls cellular uptake off glucose and liver glycogenesis
  • assists in synthesis of proteins and fats
  • deficient insulin results in abnormal carbohydrate/protein/fat metabolism d/t impaired transport of glucose and amino acids into cells
  • adversely affects many tissues/organs
A

insulin

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11
Q

Disorder _________:

  • blood sugar (glucose) levels are abnormally high
  • body does not produce enough insulin to meet its needs
  • adversely affects many tissues and organs
A

Diabetes Mellitus

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12
Q

type __ diabetes:

  • body does not produce insulin (autoimmune). Body destroys B cells from Islets of Langerhans
  • typically diagnosed in children and young adults (generally occurs around age 12)
  • sudden onset
A

Type I insulin dependent

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13
Q

type __ diabetes:

  • most common type
  • either the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells ignore the insulin
  • gradual onset in older adults
A

Type II non-insulin dependent

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14
Q

Pathophysiology: _____ stage

  • decreased transport and use of glucose in many cells
  • blood glucose levels rise
  • excess glucose spills into urine as glucose level exceeds absorption capacity of renal system
  • increased urine production = dehydration
  • lack of nutrients entering cells stimulates appetite
A

initial diabetes stage

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15
Q

Pathophysiology: _____ stages

  • lack of glucose in cells results in catabolism of fats and proteins, leading to excessive fatty acids and ketones in the blood
  • as dehydration develops, excretion of acids becomes more limited which may lead to a diabetic coma
  • more common in type 1
A

later diabetes stages

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16
Q

signs of ______:

  • weight gain
  • glyosuria
  • polyuria
  • weight loss
  • fluid loss
  • non-healing infections
  • neuropathy
  • gastroparesis
A

diabetes

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17
Q

symptoms of _____:

  • frequent urination
  • constant thirst
  • increased hunger
  • fatigue
  • tingling toes
  • blurred vision
  • dry mouth
  • N&V
A

diabetes

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18
Q

4 diabetes diagnostic tests:

A
  • fasting blood glucose level
  • glucose tolerance test
  • glycosylated hemoglobin test (monitors long term control of blood glucose levels)
  • urine tests
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19
Q

diabetes: 3 levels of control (treatment)

A
  • diet and exercise
  • oral medication to increase insulin secretion or reduce insulin resistance
  • insulin replacement
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20
Q

diabetes blood glucose levels goal:

A

70-130 mg/dl before meals

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21
Q

_____ increases muscle glucose uptake without increasing insulin utilization

A

exercise

  • low to mod intensity 3-5x/wk
  • at least 170 min/wk increases cell sensitivity to glucose
  • 180 min/wk improves vascular function
22
Q

DM oral medications:

A
  • anti-diabetic agents or oral hypoglycemic drugs for type 2
  • metformin
  • glucophage
23
Q

acute complication d/t excess of insulin, causes deficit of glucose in the blood

occurs suddenly following strenuous exercise, dosage error, vomiting, skipping a meal after taking insulin

A

hypoglycemia (insulin shock)

lack of glucose quickly affects nervous system

24
Q

what to look for in hypoglycemia:

A
  • slurred speech
  • poor coordination
  • staggering gait
  • lack of coordination
  • increased pulse
  • pale, moist skin
  • anxiety
  • tremors
25
Q

treatment for hypoglycemia (can be life threatening)

A
  • immediate administration of concentrated carbohydrate (juice, glucose tablet)
26
Q

_______:

  • caused by insufficient insulin
  • high blood glucose levels and mobilization of lipids
  • more common in type 1
  • develops over a few days and may be initiated by an infection or stress
A

diabetic ketoacidosis

27
Q

sign and symptoms of ______:

  • rapid, deep respirations
  • an acetone (sweet) breath
  • thirst, N and V
  • decreased urine output
  • related to dehydration, metabolic acidosis, and electrolyte imbalances
A

diabetic ketoacidosis

28
Q

_______ includes imbalances of sodium, potassium, and chloride.

  • signs include primarily abdominal cramping, N and V
  • individual may also experience lethargy and weakness
A

electrolyte imbalances

29
Q

4 chronic complications associated with diabetes:

A
  • vascular problems
  • neuropathy
  • infections
  • cataracts
30
Q

________:

  • impaired sensation, numbness, tingling, weakness, and mm wasting
  • symptoms don’t follow typical dermatome or myotome patterns
  • results from ischemia and altered metabolic processes
  • increased risk of tissue trauma and infection
A

neuropathy

31
Q

Due to vascular impairment, ____ tend to be more common in this pt population. Healing is delayed due to insulin deficit. increased glucose levels support this.

A

infections

32
Q

PT interventions for pts with DM (4)

A
  • foot care
  • balance training
  • cardiovascular exercise
  • time of treatment will be important
33
Q

Why ____ exercise is important to pts with DM:
Short term:
- increased glucose uptake into skeletal mm
- lower level of glucose in blood for 48 hrs after exercise

Long term:

  • increased insulin receptors on target cells
  • increased affinity of receptors for insulin
  • decrease CV complications
A

Cardiovascular exercise

34
Q

growth hormone that stimulates thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4

A

pituitary hormones

35
Q

______ are the most common cause of pituitary disorders

A

benign adenomas

36
Q

signs of ____ affecting pituitary hormones:

  • as mass enlarges it causes pressure on he skull
  • signs of pressure include increasing headaches, seizures, and drowsiness
  • visual defects are also common
A

adenomas

37
Q

the _____ cells may secret an excessive amount of a particular hormone

A

tumor

38
Q

the _____ may destroy an area of pituitary cells, causing a deficit of a particular hormone

A

adenoma

39
Q

short stature, may be caused by deficit or growth hormone

A

dwarfism

40
Q

tall stature, results from excess growth hormone prior to puberty and fusion of epiphyses

A

gigantism

41
Q

the effects of excess growth hormone secretion in the adult, usually by an adenoma

A

acromegaly

42
Q

_____ hormones are regulated by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

A

thyroid

43
Q

Functions of ______:

  • protein synthesis (T3 and T4)
  • metabolic regulation
  • calcium and phosphorus balance
A

thyroid gland

44
Q

autoimmune condition in which the thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone

A

hyperthyroidism

“overactive thyroid”

45
Q

caused by hyperthyroidism

  • autoimmune and genetic
  • may have goiter, nervousness, heat intolerance, palpitations, diarrhea, decrease weight, eye protrusion
A

Graves Disease

46
Q

enlargement of thyroid gland

  • often visible on anterior neck
  • caused by various hypothyroid and hyperthyroid conditions
  • can become very large
A

goiter

47
Q

hormone resistant or hormone deficit

- slows basal metabolic rate, bradycardia, decreased heat production, slowed neurological function

A

hypothyroidism

48
Q

factors of _____:

  • Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
  • Thyroid inflammation
  • decreased thyroid hormone
  • fatigue, increased weight, cold sensitivity, difficulty with concentration, dry skin/hair/nails, muscle soreness, drowsiness
A

hypothyroid

49
Q
  • excessive cortisol
  • etiology = meds or adenoma
  • SandS = hyperglycemia HTN
A

hypercortisolism = Cushing’s Disease

50
Q
  • decreased cortisol
  • etiology = autoimmune or idiopathic
  • signs and symptoms = hypoglycemia, low BP
A

adrenal insufficiency = Addison’s Disease

Fundamentals of Disease (10 decks)

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