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Fundamentals of Disease > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

General Signs and Symptoms for Cardiovascular Disease (9)

A
  • pain/angina
  • palpitations
  • dyspnea
  • syncope
  • fatigue
  • cough
  • cyanosis
  • edema
  • claudication
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2
Q

a group of diseases involving heart and blood vessels

A

cardiovascular disease

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3
Q

systolic BP:

A

pressure exerted by the heart when it contracts

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4
Q

diastolic BP:

A

pressure in arteries and arterioles between heart beats

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5
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure

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6
Q

Most people with HTN are ______. Common SandS are:

  • dull headaches
  • dizziness
  • nose bleeds
  • sweating
  • flushing
  • blurred vision
  • BP > 140/90
A

asymptomatic

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7
Q

diuretics, ACE inhibitors, Beta blockers, calcium channel blockers are medications that may

A

control HTN

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8
Q

lack of adequate blood flow to cardiac muscle tissue

includes angina pectoris, MI, and arteriosclerosis

A

Coronary Artery Disease
AKA:
Coronary heart disease (CHD)

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9
Q

risk factors for _____:

  • smoking
  • high cholesterol
  • HTN
  • DM
  • stress
  • family history
  • obesity
  • sedentary lifestyle
A

CAD, Coronary Artery Disease

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10
Q

hardening of the arteries
- no known etiology

  • over time and too much pressure, walls of the arteries lose their elasticity become thick and hard.
  • often associated with HTN
A

Arteriosclerosis

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11
Q

most common form of arteriosclerosis

  • presence of plaques inside walls of large arteries
  • overtime plaque hardens and narrows arteries, limits oxygen-rich blood to organs and other parts of body
  • no symptoms until 75% blockage
A

Artherosclerosis

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12
Q

risk factors for _____:

  • age (more common 40+)
  • gender
  • family history
  • lifestyle
  • cigarette smoking
  • diet
  • DM
  • HTN
A

Atherosclerosis

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13
Q

We can treat artherosclerosis by (5):

A
  • lowering cholesterol
  • decrease sodium intake
  • control high BP
  • smoking cessation
  • possible surgical intervention
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14
Q

3 diagnostic type tests to determine arteriosclerosis and/or artherosclerosis

A
  • blood work to check cholesterol levels
  • exercise stress test
  • angiogram
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15
Q

sub-sternal chest pain after exertion

  • pain or tightness typically on left side of chest, may radiate to left arm/back/jaw
  • dyspnea
  • BP may also increase
  • pallor
  • diaphoresis
  • nausea
  • cyanosis

typically a symptom of MI

A

Angina Pectoris

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16
Q

Etiology for _____:
- insufficient myocardial blood supply, vasospasm, myocardial hypertrophy, respiratory disease, severe anemia

precipitating factors: increased activity, emotions, respiratory infection, extreme weather/pollution, large meals

A

angina pectoris

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17
Q

Treatment for ________ include:

  • rest
  • vasodilators
  • nitroglycerin,
  • avoid stressors
  • anti-anxiety
  • stress education
A

angina pectoris

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18
Q

Signs and symptoms ______:

  • chest pain
  • sense of heaviness in chest
  • nausea/vomiting
  • arrythemias
  • sweating
  • hypotension
  • wekness
  • SOB
  • light headedness
  • levine sign
A

Heart Attack

Myocardial infarction

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19
Q

most common cause of a heart attack is ________.

A

artherosclerosis

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20
Q

3 ways to develop infarction

A
  • thrombus builds up to obstruct artery
  • vasospasm occurs
  • part of the thrombus breaks away, forming embolus
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21
Q

Pathophysiology of an MI:

  • ___1___ is totally obstructed.
  • heart tissue becomes__2__.
  • __3__ zone = area of injury, inflammation, and ischemia around tissue
  • myocardial ___4___ and conduction lost quickly as O2 supply is depleted.
A
  1. coronary artery
  2. necrotic
  3. necrotic
  4. contractility
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22
Q

Treatment for MI (3):

A
  • cardiac rehab
  • possible surgery
  • medications
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23
Q

Veins from pt’s leg grafted to replace damaged coronary artery

A

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft

aka: “open heart” surgery

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24
Q

per surgeon, limits on pulling, pushing, overhead reaching and driving for 2 months.

A

sternal precautions post CABG.

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25
Q

blood clot, thrombophlebitis

risk factors: immobility, trauma, lifestyle, hypercoagulation, >60 yo, DM, genetics

Tx: anti-coagulation, 24 hrs bed rest, compression, heparin, avoid straining activities

A

Deep Vein Thrombosis, DVT

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26
Q

interpretation of score for _______:

<0 = 3% chance of DVT
1-2 = 17% chance of DVT
=>3 = 75% chance of DVT
A

Wells Prediction Rule

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27
Q

not a specific disease, but a complication of HTN and ischemia

results in inability of heart to pump enough blood

blood backs up into pulmonary veins

A

Congestive Heart Failure

CHF

28
Q

when working properly, ____ prevent backflow of blood.

  • tricuspid
  • biscuspid/mitral
  • Aortic and pulmonary SL valves
A

valves

29
Q

congenital defect in valve structure, or caused by infection/inflammation

results in:

  • inefficient blood flow through the heart
  • decreased cardiac output
A

valve disorders

30
Q

Signs and symptoms of _____:

  • may be asymptomatic
  • fatigue
  • heart murmur
  • abnormal heart sounds
  • possible tachycardia
A

Valve disorders

Treatment includes valve replacement and medications

31
Q

Eitology:

  • defective heart valves low virulent organism = subacute
  • normal valves highly virulent organism = acute

subacute signs: heart murmur low grade fever, fatigue, anorexia

acute: sudden spiking fever, chills, drowziness

A

endocarditis

32
Q

deviations from normal cardiac rate or rhythm d/t damage to the heart’s conduction system

A

arrythmias

33
Q

a graphical recording of the cardiac cycle

conduction of impulses in the heart produces an electric current that is picked up by electrodes placed on the skin

shows speed of HR, rhythm, str and timing of signals as they pass through each part of heart

A

electrocardiogram

34
Q

slower than normal heart rate, typically 60 bpm (adults)

- caused by parasympathetic or vagus nerve stimulation

A

bradycardia

35
Q

fainting due to arrythmias, orthostatic hypotension, aortic dissection, hypoglycemia, CAD

A

Cardiac syncope

36
Q

fainting due to systemic vasodilation resulting in cerebral hypoperfusion. occurs after prolonged sitting or standing

A

vasovagal syncope

37
Q

rapid firing of the sinoatrial node in response to exercise, exertion, excitement, pain, fever, excessive thyroid hormone, hypoxia, or stimulant drugs

HR over 100bpm

A

sinus tachycardia

38
Q

abnormal, rapid heart rythm originating from the ventricle.

likely to reduce cardiac output b/c the filling time is reduced

A

ventricular tachycardia

39
Q

a slight variation in cycling of the sinus rhythm

a normal finding in children and young adults but disappears with age

A

sinus arrythmia

40
Q

atria beat chaotically and irregularly. out of coordination with the ventricles
irregular/rapid HR commonly causes poor blood flow to the body

A

atrial fibrillation

41
Q

extra, abnormal heartbeats that begin in one of the 2 ventricles can cause a flip-flop or skipped beat

A

premature ventricular contraction (PVC)

42
Q

abnormal irregular heart rhythm. Very rapid, uncoordinated, fluttering contractions of ventricles

most commonly associated with heart attacks and is life threatening

A

ventricular fibrillation

43
Q

ultrasound waves create a moving picture of the heart
more detailed than a plain x-ray image, no radiation exposure

shows how heart is beating. can detect congenital heart defects in unborn babies

A

echocardiogram

44
Q

checks for blockages in coronary arteries

catheter inserted in artery or vein groin, neck, or arm

used to locate narrowing, aneurysm, or blockages of blood vessels with dye

A

cardiac catheterization

45
Q

post-op precautions for ______:

  • for 2 days no driving, no lifting >20lbs, no deep knee bends, no pushing/pulling
A

cardiac catheterization

46
Q

treadmill or pedaling at increasing levels of difficulty while monitored. used to measure how heart responds to exertion

A

exercise stress test

47
Q

medication:

  • dilate coronary blood vessels, reducing peripheral resistance
  • work directly on artery wall muscles, preventing them from tightening or narrowing
A

vasodilators

ie. nitroglycerin

48
Q

medication:

  • block beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart to prevent increased heart activity
  • blocks effects of epinephrine/adrenaline

HR will not increase with exercise with pt is on this. IMPORTANT

A

beta blockers

49
Q

medication:

  • prevents calcium from entering cardiac and smooth muscle cells, results in lower BP
  • widen blood vessels by affecting muscle cells in arterial walls
  • decreases cardiac contractility, helping to prevent arrythmias
A

calcium channel blockers

50
Q

medication:

  • Tx for heart failure and atrial dysrythmias
  • slow conduction of impulses and pulse
  • improves efficiency by increasing contractility
  • narrow range between effective and toxic
A

digoxin

51
Q

medication:

  • removes excess sodium and water through kidneys, blocks their reabsorption
  • often referred to as “water pills”
  • useful in tx of HTN and CHF, increases urine output, reduces blood volume and edema
  • removes potassium, requires potassium replacement
A

diuretics

52
Q

medication:

  • blood thinners
  • reduced risk of blood clots in coronary systemic arteries
  • tend to prevent new clots from forming or an existing slot from enlarging
  • they cannot dissolve blood clot
A

anticoagulants

53
Q

medication:

  • angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
  • prevents an enzyme from producing angiotensin II, a substance that narrows blood vessels and releases hormones that can raise BP
  • this narrowing can cause high BP
A

ACE inhibitors

54
Q

inflammation of the pericardium

caused by compression of the heart d/t trauma, infection, neoplasms, or radiation

A

pericarditis

55
Q

Signs and symptoms for ______:

  • sharp chest pain
  • aggravated by coughing or supine
  • fever
  • SOB
  • friction rub
A

pericarditic

Tx: rest, anti-inflammatories

NO EXERCISE

56
Q

inflammation of the heart muscle

caused by infection

A

myocarditis

57
Q

Signs and symptoms for ____:

  • chest pain
  • abnormal heartbeat
  • fatigue
  • fever
  • bilat leg swelling
  • SOB
A

Myocarditis

Tx: decrease activities, medications = antibiotic, inflammatory, diuretics

58
Q

diseases of the heart muscle: enlarged, thick and rigid heart muscle

acquired or inherited

A

cardiomyopathy

tx: surgery, devices, lifestyle changes

59
Q

dilation and weakening of arterial wall

caused by artherosclerosis, trauma, syphilis, infections, congenital, HTN

SnS: palpable pulsating, dysphagia, severe pain

A

Aortic aneurysm

Tx: surgery, graft,

avoid exertion, stress, coughing, constipation

60
Q

caused by artherosclerosis

SnS: intermittent caludication, wounds

supervised exercise training significantly improves walking ability

A

Peripheral Arterial Disease

PAD or PVD

61
Q

lymphatic system consists of (5):

A
  • tonsils
  • spleen
  • thymus gland
  • lymph nodes
  • lymphatic vessels
62
Q

functions of lymphatic system (5)

A
  • prevents interstitial edema
  • assists in the digestion of fats
  • immunological functions
  • makes WBC
  • drains all but CNS tissue in regions
63
Q

abnormal accumulation of protein rish fluid in interstitium

results in chronic inflammation and reactive fibrosis of the tissues

A

lymphedema

64
Q

Signs and symptoms for _____:

  • pitting
  • often starts distally
  • cellulitis is common
  • discomfort, heaviness, achiness
  • skin changes
A

lymphedema

65
Q

the 5 components of complete decongestive therapy

A
  • manual lymph massage
  • compression bandaging
  • exercise
  • skin and nail care
  • instruction in self-care

Fundamentals of Disease (10 decks)

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