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Term 2: Histology > Pulmonary > Flashcards

Pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

What 5 cell types are present in CONDUCTING respiratory epithelium?

A
  • Ciliated columnar
  • Goblet
  • Brush
  • Small granule
  • Basal
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2
Q

What type of epithelium is present in the CONDUCTING portion of the respiratory epithelium?

A

-Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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3
Q

What is the most abundant cell in the CONDUCTING portion of respiratory epithelium?

A

-Ciliated columnar cells

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4
Q

What do Goblet cells do?

A

-Secrete mucin

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5
Q

What do Brush cells do?

A
  • have microvilli

- chemoreceptors

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6
Q

What do small granule cells do?

A
  • make peptide hormones that act as neurotransmitters

- sense O2 content of air?

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7
Q

What do Basal Cells Do?

A

-progenitor cells of the epithelium

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8
Q

What do ciliated columnar cells do?

A

-cilia beat to move mucus out of respiratory tract

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9
Q

What is squamous metaplasia?

A
  • transformation of the pseudostratified epithelium into a non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • can progress to pre-cancerous dysplasia
  • caused by cigarette smoke
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10
Q

What can cause squamous metaplasia?

A

-smoking

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11
Q

What type of epithelium does RESPIRATORY epithelium have?

A

-simple columnar/cuboidal/squamous epithelium

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12
Q

What makes up the interalveolar septum?

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Elastic & reticular fibers
  • Macrophages
  • immune cells
  • Capillaries
  • Alveolar (Kohn) pores
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13
Q

What is the purpose of the elastic and reticular fibers in the interalveolar septum?

A
  • allows for controlled expansion of alveoli

- prevents collapse of alveoli

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14
Q

What is the purpose of alveolar pores?

A
  • allow equalization of air pressure between alveoli
  • collateral air circulation
  • passage for macrophages
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15
Q

Compare/contrast Type I and II pneumocytes:

A

Compare:
-Desmosomes & occluding junctions

Contrast:

  • Type I are thin, and make up most of the alveoli
  • Type II are cuboidal, produce surfactant, cluster where 2+ alveoli unite, and have stem cell properties
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16
Q

What are the components of the respiratory membrane?

A
  • Type I pneumocytes
  • Thin capillary endothelial cell
  • Fused basal laminae of Type I and cap endothelial cell
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17
Q

What produces pulmonary surfactant?

A

-Type II pneumocytes

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18
Q

What is the purpose of pulmonary surfactant?

A
  • lower the surface tension at air epithelium interface

- prevents collapse at exhalation

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19
Q

What cells drink serfactant?

A
  • Macrophages & both pneumocytes

- leads to high turnover

20
Q

What is the cause of Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrom?

A
  • Leading cause of death in premature babies
  • The type II pneumocytes are not mature, thus there is no surfactant secretion
  • alveoli collapse and cant epand sufficiently
  • over time, hyaline membranes form
21
Q

What are some treatments for Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

A
  • Glucocorticoid pre-nataly
  • CPAP
  • Endotracheal tube
  • Exogenous surfactant
22
Q

What do alveolar macrophages do?

A
  • eat airborne particulate in the alveoli

- also drink surfactant

23
Q

What are heart failure cells?

A
  • alveolar macrophages which contain the iron pigment hemosiderin because they have been cleaning up RBC’s that have entered the alveoli
  • caused by CHF and high blood pressure
24
Q

What is present within the submucosa of the trachea?

A
  • C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

- Trachealis muscle

25
Q

What is present within the Lamina propria of the trachea?

A
  • Lots of mucous glands

- serous mucous glands

26
Q

What type of epithelium is present in the bronchi?

A

-pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

27
Q

What are the two stromal features of the bronchi?

A
  • Lamina propria

- Submucosa

28
Q

What is present within the Lamina propria of the bronchi?

A
  • serous mucous glands
  • smooth muscle & spiraled elastic fibers
  • MALT lymphocytes
29
Q

What is present within the submucosa of the bronchi?

A

-Isolated islands of hyaline cartilage

30
Q

What are the two categories of lung cancer?

A
  • Small cell carcinoma

- Non-small cell carcinoma

31
Q

What type of epithelium is present in the regular bronchioles?

A

-pseudostratified ciliated epithelium transitioning to simple ciliated columnar epithelium

32
Q

What are the two stromal features of the regular bronchioles?

A

-Lamina propria and submucosa

33
Q

What is present within the lamina propria of regular bronchioles?

A
  • no serous mucous glands

- circular layer of smooth muscle

34
Q

What is present within the submucosa of regular bronchioles?

A

-no cartilage

35
Q

What type of epithelium is present in the terminal bronchioles?

A

-simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium

36
Q

What are the stromal features of the terminal bronchioles?

A

-a Lamina propria with elastic fibers and incomplete circular layer of smooth muscle

37
Q

What cells are located within the epithelium of terminal bronchioles?

A

-Normal 5 PLUS Clara cells

38
Q

What is the function of Clara cells?

A
  • secrete surfactant
  • detoxification
  • secretion of antimicrobial peptides & cytokines
  • Stem cells
39
Q

What characterizes asthma?

A
  • hypersecretion of mucous
  • eosinophil infiltration
  • bronchial smooth muscle hyperplasia
40
Q

What type of epithelium is present in the respiratory bronchioles?

A

-simple cuboidal ciliated epithelium

41
Q

What are the stromal features of the respiratory bronchioles?

A

-a lamina propria with smooth muscle and elastic tissue

42
Q

What type of epithelium is present in the alveolar ducts?

A

-simple cuboidal and squamous epithelium

43
Q

What are the stromal features of the alveolar ducts?

A

-a very thin lamina propria, with a strand of smooth muscle around alveolar openings, elastic and collagen fibers, and a network of capillaries

44
Q

What type of epithelium is present in the alveoli?

A

-Simple columnar and cuboidal epithelium

45
Q

What is emphysema? What causes it?

A

-a loosening of the elasticity of alveoli and respiratory bronchioles
caused by smoking and COPD

46
Q

What is bronchitis? What causes it?

A
  • lymphocyte infiltration causing enlargement of mucous secreting glands in the trachea and bronchus
  • excessive mucous production causing coughing
47
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

-Infection of the lung by either a virus, bacteria, or fungus

Term 2: Histology (6 decks)

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