Liver & Pancreas

Question 1

What is contained within the portal tract/triad at the periphery of hepatic lobules?

Answer 1

• venule branch of the portal vein
• arteriole branch of the hepatic artery
• bile ductules of the bile conducting system

Question 2

What lines the bile ductules?

Answer 2

-simple cuboidal epithelium of cholangiocytes

Question 3

What kind of intermediate filament is found within hepatocytes?

Answer 3

• cytokeratin

- technically an epithelial cell

Question 4

Do hepatocytes have a basement membrane?

Answer 4

No

Question 5

What are the three surfaces of hepatocytes?

Answer 5

• basolateral
• lateral
• apical

Question 6

Which surfaces of the hepatocyte are facing the blood sinousoids?

Answer 6

-basolateral

Question 7

What do blood sinusoids arise from?

Answer 7

-conjoining of the hepatic portal venules and hepatic arterioles of the peripheral lobules

Question 8

What is the space of disse?

Answer 8

-fenestrations in the capillary endothelium which allow microvilli from the hepatocytes to contact blood in the sinousoids

Question 9

On what surface of the hepatocytes does the exocrine function occur?

Answer 9

-the apical surface

Question 10

What do the bile canaliculi empty into?

Answer 10

-the canal of hering, which empties into the bile ductule of the portal tract

Question 11

What cells are stellate macrophages?

Answer 11

-Kupffer cells

Question 12

What do kupffer cells do?

Answer 12

• garbage trucks of the liver
• monocyte derivatives
• APCs, eat old blood cells, degrade hemoglobin to bilirubin, store iron, remove bacteria and debris from the portal blood

Question 13

Where do kupffer cells live?

Answer 13

-sinusoid lining

Question 14

What cells are hepatic stellate cells?

Answer 14

• Ito Cells

- Lipocytes

Question 15

From what tissue do hepatic stellate cells arise?

Answer 15

-mesenchyme

Question 16

What do hepatic stellate cells do?

Answer 16

• produce ECM
• Store fat soluble vitamins
• secrete cytokines

Question 17

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

Answer 17

A

D

E

K

Question 18

Where do hepatic stellate cells live?

Answer 18

-perisinusoidal space

Question 19

Is there muscularis mucosa in the gallbladder?

Answer 19

-No

Question 20

Tell me about the muscularis externa of the gallbladder.

Answer 20

• it is made of a random organization of smooth muscle

- Contraction is caused by CCK

Question 21

What makes up the exocrine portion of the pancreas?

Answer 21

secretory acini

Question 22

What makes up the endocrine portion of the pancreas?

Answer 22

-pancreatic islets

Question 23

What lines the intercalated duct of the pancreas?

Answer 23

simple squamous epithelium

Question 24

What cells are present at the extensions of the intercalated duct into the lumen of the acini?

Answer 24

-Centroacinar cells

Question 25

What is the structure of the classic lobule of the liver?

Answer 25

-drains blood from the portal vein and hepatic artery to the central vein

Question 26

What is the structure of the portal lobule?

Answer 26

- Drains bile from hepatocytes to the bile duct | - triangle

Question 27

What is the structure of the hepatic acinus lobule?

Answer 27

-shows supply gradient of oxygenated blood to hepatocytes

Question 28

How does liver cell regeneration occur?

Answer 28

via proliferation from existing hepatocytes or stem cells (oval cells)

Question 29

What are oval cells? Where do they live?

Answer 29

- stem cells of the liver - can proliferate into hepatocytes or cholangiocytes -live among the cholangiocytes int he bile canals

Question 30

What portion of the pancreas are most islets of langerhans located?

Answer 30

the tail

Question 31

What do A (Alpha) cells of the pancreas secrete?

Answer 31

Glucagon

Question 32

What do B (Beta) cells of the pancreas secrete?

Answer 32

-insulin

Question 33

What do D cells of the pancreas secrete?

Answer 33

-somatostatin

Question 34

What do PP cells of the pancreas secrete?

Answer 34

pancreatic polypeptides that: - stimulate chief cells - inhibit bile secretion - inhibit pancreatic enzyme secretion - inhibit intestinal motility

Question 35

What are the three pairs of salivary glands?

Answer 35

- parotid - Submandibular - Sublingual

Question 36

How does the branching duct system of salivary glands modify saliva?

Answer 36

- adding growth factors and enzymes | - reabsorbing Na and Cl

Question 37

Where are myoepithelial cells of the salivary glands located?

Answer 37

-the common basal lamina surrounding acini and tubules

Question 38

What is the order of ducts in the salivary glands after the acinus?

Answer 38

- Intralobular: Intercalated then striated - Interlobular - Main duct

Question 39

What are the two types of intralobular ducts, and what kind of epithelium do they exhibit? do they have myoepithelial cells?

Answer 39

- intercalated (cuboidal to columnar) Yes myoepithelial cells - Striated (columnar) No myoepithelial cells

Question 40

What types of epithelium does the interlobular duct exhibit?

Answer 40

- cuboidal/columnar - pseudostratified - stratified

Question 41

What is the epithelium of the main salivary duct?

Answer 41

-nonkeratinized, stratified squamous epithelium

Question 42

What is the effect of parasympathetic and sympathetic input on the quality of saliva secretions from the salivary glands?

Answer 42

Parasymphathetic: Watery with little protein Symphathetic: Secretion inhibited. Secretions have high protein content

Question 43

Which gland produces the most saliva?

Answer 43

-submandibular (70%)

Question 44

What are serous demilunes?

Answer 44

-crescent shaped clusters of serous cells present in mixed salivary units

Question 45

Where do demilunes live?

Answer 45

- mostly submandibular glands | - some in sublingual glands

Question 46

Where are mucosal salivary glands located?

Answer 46

-throughout the oral mucosa