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Term 2: Histology > Endocrine Histology > Flashcards

Endocrine Histology Flashcards

1
Q

The Neurohypophysis is the ________ lobe of the pituitary.

A

-Posterior

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2
Q

The Adenohypophysis is the _________ lobe of the pituitary.

A

-Anterior

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3
Q

What are the two Acidophils (eosinophils) of the Adenohypophysis and what do they secrete?

A
  • Somatotropic Cell = GH

- Mammotropic Cell = Prolactin

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4
Q

What are the three Basophils of the Adenohypophysis and what do they secrete?

A
  • Thyrotropic Cell = TSH
  • Corticotropic Cell = ACTH
  • Gonadotropic Cell = FSH & LH
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5
Q

What is the pars tuberalis and what kind of cells are located there?

A
  • collar of cells around the infundibular stem
  • part of the adenohypophysis

-Contains gonadotropic cells (basophilic)

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6
Q

Where are ADH and oxytocin synthesized? Where are they released?

A
  • Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in the hypothalamus
  • released in pars nervosa (posterior pituitary)
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7
Q

Where is the pars nervosa located?

A

-posterior pituitary

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8
Q

What are the three Pars of the adenohypophysis?

A
  • Pars distalis (75%)
  • Pars Intermedia
  • Pars tuberalis
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9
Q

Neurons of what nuclei influence hormone release in the anterior pituitary?

A

-dorsal & ventral medial and infundibulary nuclei

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10
Q

Neurons of what nuclei release hormones in the posterior pituitary?

A

Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

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11
Q

What is a Herring Body?

A
  • Secretory material in the neurohypophysis

- Storage of secretory elements

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12
Q

What are Pituicytes?

A

-basically glial cells for the posterior pituitary

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13
Q

What are the principal cell types of the Thyroid gland?

A
  • Follicular Cells

- Parafollicular cells (C-cells)

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14
Q

What is found on the inside of a thyroid follicle?

A

-colloid

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15
Q

Where is thyroglobulin stored?

A

-lumen colloid of thyroid gland

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16
Q

What happens to thyroglobulin?

A

-it is iodinated in the lumen of the follicle, forming T3 and T4. This is then secreted basally into a capillary

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17
Q

What does T3 do?

A
  • increases basal metabolic rate
  • stimulates mitochondiral respiration
  • increases number of mitochondria and cristae
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18
Q

What is the embryological origin of C-cells in the thyroid?

A

Neural crest

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19
Q

What do C-cells do?

A

-produce and secrete Calcitonin

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20
Q

What are the principal cells of the Parathyroid Glands?

A
  • Chief Cells

- Oxyphil cells

21
Q

What are the parathyroid glands important for?

A

-calcium homeostasis

22
Q

What do chief cells of the Parathyroid do?

A

-secrete PTH in response to low Ca levels

23
Q

What do Oxyphil Cells do?

A
  • Unknown function
  • Have lots of mitochondria (eosinophilic)
  • may be transitional chief cells
24
Q

What is a result of hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • multiple sites of bone deposition (bone cysts)

- Kidney stones

25
Q

What is a result of Hypoparathyroidism?

A
  • low serum calcium

- Muscle spasms and convulsions

26
Q

What does the Pineal Gland do?

A
  • regulates circadian rhythm

- secretes Melatonin in relation to light/dark cycles

27
Q

What are the main cells of the Pineal Gland?

A

-Pinealocytes

28
Q

What is the embryological origin of the cortex and medulla of the adrenal glands?

A

Cortex: Mesoderm

Medulla: Neural Crest

29
Q

What gland regulates the Adrenal Cortex?

A

-pituitary

30
Q

What is secreted by the Adrenal Cortex?

A

-steroid hormones

31
Q

What is produced and secreted by the Adrenal Medulla?

A

-Catecholamines

32
Q

What are the three zones of the Adrenal Cortex, in order of outer to inner?

A
  • Zona Glomerulosa
  • Zona Fasciculata
  • Zona Reticularis
33
Q

What class of hormones is produced in the Zona Glomerulosa?

A

-Mineralcorticoids

34
Q

What class of hormones is produced in the Zona Fasciculata?

A

-Glucocorticoids

35
Q

What class of hormones is produced in the Zona Reticularis?

A

-Androgens

36
Q

What is the histological appearance of Adrenal Cortex cells?

A

foamy

37
Q

(T/F) The adrenal cortical and medullary arteries are separate.

A

T

38
Q

What is the primary Mineralcorticoid?

A

-aldosterone

39
Q

What is the primary glucocorticoid?

A

-Cortisol

40
Q

What is the primary Catecholamine released by the Adrenal Medulla?

A

Epinephrine (80%)

41
Q

What is the functional cell of the Adrenal Medulla?

A

-Chromaffin Cells

42
Q

What is PNMT (Phenylethnolamine N-methyltransferase)?

A

-enzyme that converts Norepinephrine to Ephinephrine in the Adrenal Medulla

43
Q

What do Delta cells of the Pancreas release?

A
  • Gastrin
  • Somatostatin
  • VIP
44
Q

What does Somatostatin do?

A

-inhibits insulin and Glucagon

45
Q

What do Follicular cells of the Thyroid do?

A
  • produce Thyroglobulin and secrete apically into lumen
  • Take up iodide, oxidise to iodine, and secrete apically to lumen
  • Take up T4/3, secrete basally
46
Q

What causes Goiter?

A
  • thyroglobulin is produced, secreted to lumen, but never iodinated
  • builds up, swelling the thyroid gland
47
Q

What is Myxedema?

A

-adult hypothyroidism

48
Q

What is Graves Disease?

A

-Hyperthyroidism

Term 2: Histology (6 decks)

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