Pulmonary

Question 1

What is Atelectasis?

Answer 1

Lung collapsed; alveolar level
-due to hypoventilation, airway obstruction, or compression

Question 2

Manifestations of Atelectasis?

Answer 2

Cough
Sputum production
Low-grade fever

Question 3

What happens if a large portion of the lung is affected by atelectasis?

Answer 3

Respiratory distress
Anxiety
Low oxygen levels

Question 4

Management for Atelectasis?

Answer 4

• Turn, cough, and deep breathe
• Early mobilization
• Incentive spirometer
• Limit opioids and sedatives

Question 5

What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?

Answer 5

Group of lung diseases obstructing air flow
- asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema

Obstructed airflow due to inflammation, narrowing, and scarring of the airways

Caused by smoking

Question 6

What are the effects of COPD on the lungs?

Answer 6

Lung tissue damage
Loss of lung elasticity
Increased mucus production

Question 7

COPD

Asthma cause, symptom, and management

Answer 7

Cause: Chronic inflammation of the airway; immune-mediated bronchoconstriction; bronchial airway hyperresponsiveness

Symptoms
- Breathlessness
- Cough
- Dyspnea
- Tightening of chest
- Wheezing

Management
- Nebulizers
- Bronchodilators
- Anti-inflammatory agents
- Immunomodulators

Question 8

What is the management for COPD?

Answer 8

• Quitting smoking
• Healthy diet
• Oxygen therapy
• Medications (e.g., bronchodilators, steroids)
• Vaccinations (e.g., flu, pneumonia vaccines)
• Breathing exercises

Question 9

What is Pneumonia?

Answer 9

Infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, which may fill with fluid or pus
- can result from aspiration (inhaling food, liquid, or vomit) or infections (bacteria, virus, fungus, or toxin)

Question 10

Pneumonia management

Answer 10

• Fluids to stay hydrated/thin secretions
• Oxygen for respiratory support
• Fever medicine, cough medicine, decongestants, and antihistamines
• Antibiotics: Given based on test results, not for viral infections but for secondary bacterial infections
• assess sputum (color, consistency, clarity)

Question 11

How much fluid should patients drink per day? Does fever affect fluids in body and how much of it is lost through the lungs?

Answer 11

• 3L of fluids per day
• Fever increases fluid loss
• 300-400 mL of water is lost daily through the lungs.

Question 12

What is the cause of Influenza?

Answer 12

Orthomyxoviridae family, an RNA virus.

Question 13

Manifestations of Influenza?

Answer 13

• Fever, chills, weakness
• Myalgia (muscle pain)
• Headache (HA)
• Sore throat, cough
• Viral pneumonia, which can lead to death

Question 14

Influenza management

Answer 14

• Sunlight to help kill the virus
• Use of disinfectants, detergents, and soap to clean surfaces
• Frequent hand washing to prevent spread
• vaccination