Cardiovascular

Question 1

What is considered elevated blood pressure (hypertension)?

Answer 1

systolic BP > 140 mmHg
OR
diastolic BP > 90 mmHg

based on an average of two or more readings on two or more office visits.

Question 2

Manifestations of hypertension?

Answer 2

Headaches
Palpitations
Dizziness
Fatigue
Angina
Blurred vision

Question 3

Consequences of hypertension?

Answer 3

Brain: TIAs, Stroke (CVA)

Retina: Retinal Detachment, Blindness

Heart: LVH, CAD, Angina, MI, CHF, Arrhythmias, Sudden Death

Kidney: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Peripheral Vascular Disease

Question 4

Hypertension management

Answer 4

Weight loss (Dash diet)
Exercise
Stop smoking
Sodium restriction
Alcohol restriction

Question 5

What is Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)?

Answer 5

Myocardium is weakened and cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs, leading to fluid buildup

Question 6

What is left-sided heart failure?
What is right-sided heart failure?

Answer 6

Dysfunction of the left ventricle
- impairs the heart’s ability to pump oxygenated blood to the body, causing fluid backup in the lungs (pulmonary congestion)

Dysfunction of the right ventricle
- leads to fluid buildup in the body, especially in the legs, abdomen, and liver.

Question 7

Manifestation of CHF?

Answer 7

• Crackles in lungs
• lots of blood/fluids in lungs

probably not on quiz

Question 8

What is Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?

Answer 8

Narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries
- increases the risk of angina/myocardial infarction

Question 9

What is Angina Pectoris?

What is a Myocardial Infarction (MI)?

Answer 9

Angina Pectoris: chest pain caused by insufficient oxygen reaching the heart muscle
- due to blocked arteries (atherosclerosis)
- can occur during physical exertion or stress

Myocardial Infarction: (heart attack) coronary artery is completely blocked, preventing oxygenated blood from reaching part of the heart muscle, leading to tissue death

Question 10

Management for coronary artery disease?

Answer 10

• PCI: Non-surgical procedures to open up narrowed coronary arteries.
• CABG: reroute new arteries to heart

Question 11

What is Hyperlipidemia (Atherosclerosis)?

Answer 11

Fat buildup in the artery walls, causing long-term inflammation

• leading cause of heart disease and stroke
• results in narrower arteries and reduced blood flow
• It is closely linked to high cholesterol levels

Question 12

What are the two surgeries used to manage hyperlipidemia?

Answer 12

Endarterectomy: Removing plaque from arteries

Artery Stenting: Inserting a stent to keep arteries open