Pulmonary Flashcards
what is the first line of pulmonary immune defense
in the upper respiratory tract - warms, humidifies and filters inspired air
what is the 2nd line of immune defense
in the upper respiratory tract - mucociliary escalator, lines conducting airways
respiration is affected by what
concentration gradient, surface area, thickness of membrane
what is the V/Q ratio
air that passes through alveoli / amount of blood perfused
what is a normal V/Q ratio
0.8
V/Q mismatch
insufficient air in alveoli or blood
dead space
ventilation is in excess of perfusion
gas exchange is not occurring
when is a dead space occurring
pulmonary embolism
ischemia present
shunt
perfusion is in excess ventilation
lack of airflow
when does a shunt occur
COPD
emphesyma - hypoxemia
primary inspiratory muscles
diaphragm
external intercostals
SCM, scalenes, pecs, traps
aterial blood gases analysis examines what
acid base balance
ventilation
oxygenation
what does a ABG analysis guide
medical or therapy interventions
- mechanical vent settings or breathing assist techniques
disturbances in acid base balance can be caused by what
pulmonary or metabolic dysfunction
how are ABGs generally reported
pH/PaCO2/PaO2/HCO3
ex. 7.38/42/90/26
air trapping
retention of gas in lung as a result of partial or complete airway obstruction
- COPD
- can have higher residual volume
bronchospasm
smooth muscle contraction of the bronchi and bronchiole walls resulting in a narrowing of the airway lumen
consolidation
transudate, exudate or tissue replacing alveolar air
hyperinflation
overinflation of the lungs at resting volume as a result of air trapping
hypoxemia
low level of oxygen in the blood, usually a PaO2 less than 60-80
hypoxia
low level of oxygen in the tissues available for cell metabolism
respiratory distress
- acute or insidious onset of dyspnea, respiratory muscle fatigue, abnormal respiratory pattern and rate, anxiety, and cyanosis related to inadequate gas exchange
- precedes respiratory failure
ARDS
- adult respiratory distress syndrome
- acute inflammation of lungs
- high mortality
what is ARDS associated with
aspiration drug toxicity inhalation injury pulmonary trauma shock systemic infections multi organ failure
what does prone positioning in the ICU do
facilitates improved aeration to dorsal lung segments, improved V/Q matching and secretion drainage
