Pulmonary

Question 1

what is the first line of pulmonary immune defense

Answer 1

in the upper respiratory tract - warms, humidifies and filters inspired air

Question 2

what is the 2nd line of immune defense

Answer 2

in the upper respiratory tract - mucociliary escalator, lines conducting airways

Question 3

respiration is affected by what

Answer 3

concentration gradient, surface area, thickness of membrane

Question 4

what is the V/Q ratio

Answer 4

air that passes through alveoli / amount of blood perfused

Question 5

what is a normal V/Q ratio

Answer 5

0.8

Question 6

V/Q mismatch

Answer 6

insufficient air in alveoli or blood

Question 7

dead space

Answer 7

ventilation is in excess of perfusion

gas exchange is not occurring

Question 8

when is a dead space occurring

Answer 8

pulmonary embolism

ischemia present

Question 9

shunt

Answer 9

perfusion is in excess ventilation

lack of airflow

Question 10

when does a shunt occur

Answer 10

COPD

emphesyma - hypoxemia

Question 11

primary inspiratory muscles

Answer 11

diaphragm
external intercostals
SCM, scalenes, pecs, traps

Question 12

aterial blood gases analysis examines what

Answer 12

acid base balance
ventilation
oxygenation

Question 13

what does a ABG analysis guide

Answer 13

medical or therapy interventions

- mechanical vent settings or breathing assist techniques

Question 14

disturbances in acid base balance can be caused by what

Answer 14

pulmonary or metabolic dysfunction

Question 15

how are ABGs generally reported

Answer 15

pH/PaCO2/PaO2/HCO3

ex. 7.38/42/90/26

Question 16

air trapping

Answer 16

retention of gas in lung as a result of partial or complete airway obstruction

• COPD
• can have higher residual volume

Question 17

bronchospasm

Answer 17

smooth muscle contraction of the bronchi and bronchiole walls resulting in a narrowing of the airway lumen

Question 18

consolidation

Answer 18

transudate, exudate or tissue replacing alveolar air

Question 19

hyperinflation

Answer 19

overinflation of the lungs at resting volume as a result of air trapping

Question 20

hypoxemia

Answer 20

low level of oxygen in the blood, usually a PaO2 less than 60-80

Question 21

hypoxia

Answer 21

low level of oxygen in the tissues available for cell metabolism

Question 22

respiratory distress

Answer 22

• acute or insidious onset of dyspnea, respiratory muscle fatigue, abnormal respiratory pattern and rate, anxiety, and cyanosis related to inadequate gas exchange
• precedes respiratory failure

Question 23

ARDS

Answer 23

• adult respiratory distress syndrome
• acute inflammation of lungs
• high mortality

Question 24

what is ARDS associated with

Answer 24

aspiration
drug toxicity 
inhalation injury
pulmonary trauma
shock
systemic infections
multi organ failure

Question 25

what does prone positioning in the ICU do

Answer 25

facilitates improved aeration to dorsal lung segments, improved V/Q matching and secretion drainage