Pulmo Flashcards
what are the leAST resistance airways?
terminal bronchioles
alveoli what type of cells
respiratory bronchioles what cells
simple squamous cells
cuboidal cells
what is the relation of the pulmonary artery to the lungs
mneumonic
RALS
right anterior
left superior
carina is ? _________ ascending aorta
??______________ to desceding aorta
posterior
anteromedial
structures perforating the diaphragm at which level?
use mneumonic
T8 IVC
T10 Esoghageus- vagus
T12 aorta - thoracic duct - azygous vein
I ATE 10 EGGS AT 12
carotid bifurcation
trachea bifurcation
aorta bifurcation
C4
T4
L4
BIFURCATE AT 4
what happens if we cut the nerve to the diaphragm
the diaphram moves up with inspiration
if we want to do a thoracentesis we do
6 and 8th midclavicular
8 and 10 mid axillary
10and 12 paravertebral
drugs that lead to methemoglibinia
benzocaine
nitrites
dapsone
symptoms of CO toxicity
CO leads to left or right shift
headache dizziness cherry red skin
left shift
symptoms of methe toxicity
cyanosis and choclate colored bloood
treaat methemaglobin
methylene blue and Vit C
cyanide toxicity give
nitrites then thiosulfate
CO toxicity caused by
heaters- fires - gas eaters
treat CO
100% O2 and hyperbarec O2
O2 delivery to tissues
cardiac output x O2 content of blood
O2 binding capacity
20.1 ml O2/dL of blood
diffusion :
Diffusion: A x Dk9 (diffuson coef of gas) x difference in P / T ( thickness)
normal O2-CO2 - N2O is perfusion or diffusion-limited
perfusion limited . the only way to increase it is to increase the blood flow
P50 normal individual is around
26
hypercapnia leads to what bil CBF
increase flow
why does panic attack lead to dizziness?
panic attack–> hypocapnia –> decrease in CBF –>dizziness
O2 binding capacity
is 20.1 ml O2 / dL of blood
congenital methemeglobinia def in what enzyme
methemoglobin reductase ( change Fe 3+ to Fe 2+ )
why is cyanide toxic
sho el symptoms?
treat
binds to cytochrome c–> severe lactic acidosis
red skin le2ano ma 3am n3ml extraction lal oxygen and headache and tachypnea and tachycardia \
treat give inhaled nitrates then thiosulfates
equattion P =
R=
QR
8mul / pie power 4
explanation for A-a gradient in normal word ( adde lzm el normal eykun)
10-15
adde 2ata3 mnl alveolar to the blood.
so eza zed y3ni ma 3m y2ta3 mazbut
due to shunt, fibrosis , V/Q mismatch
lung zones ( at apex and at base fare2)
at apex: wasted ventillation = 3
at base : wasted perfusion= 0.6
aktr shi byefro2 ben el apex and base is perfusion or ventillation
perfusion
giving 100% O2 improve
blood flow obstruction
normal V/Q
0.8 DUE TO DEAD SPACE NOT PERFUSED
V/Q ratio from apex in response to exercise leads to
being more uniform le2ano el pulmonary bloood flow increased
explain haldane effect
once O2 binds to Hb –>dissociation of H plus . byet7awal la co2 –> H plus combine with HCO3 lead to CO2
Bohr effect
increased acidity –> shift to R –> unlaoding of O2
CO2 aktr form mawjud bil blood is
HCO3 ( 70%)
