Pulmo

Question 1

what are the leAST resistance airways?

Answer 1

terminal bronchioles

Question 2

alveoli what type of cells

respiratory bronchioles what cells

Answer 2

simple squamous cells

cuboidal cells

Question 3

what is the relation of the pulmonary artery to the lungs

mneumonic

Answer 3

RALS
right anterior
left superior

Question 4

carina is ? _________ ascending aorta

??______________ to desceding aorta

Answer 4

posterior

anteromedial

Question 5

structures perforating the diaphragm at which level?

use mneumonic

Answer 5

T8 IVC
T10 Esoghageus- vagus
T12 aorta - thoracic duct - azygous vein
I ATE 10 EGGS AT 12

Question 6

carotid bifurcation
trachea bifurcation
aorta bifurcation

Answer 6

C4
T4
L4
BIFURCATE AT 4

Question 7

what happens if we cut the nerve to the diaphragm

Answer 7

the diaphram moves up with inspiration

Question 8

if we want to do a thoracentesis we do

Answer 8

6 and 8th midclavicular
8 and 10 mid axillary
10and 12 paravertebral

Question 9

drugs that lead to methemoglibinia

Answer 9

benzocaine
nitrites
dapsone

Question 10

symptoms of CO toxicity

CO leads to left or right shift

Answer 10

headache dizziness cherry red skin

left shift

Question 11

symptoms of methe toxicity

Answer 11

cyanosis and choclate colored bloood

Question 12

treaat methemaglobin

Answer 12

methylene blue and Vit C

Question 13

cyanide toxicity give

Answer 13

nitrites then thiosulfate

Question 14

CO toxicity caused by

Answer 14

heaters- fires - gas eaters

Question 15

treat CO

Answer 15

100% O2 and hyperbarec O2

Question 16

O2 delivery to tissues

Answer 16

cardiac output x O2 content of blood

Question 17

O2 binding capacity

Answer 17

20.1 ml O2/dL of blood

Question 18

diffusion :

Answer 18

Diffusion: A x Dk9 (diffuson coef of gas) x difference in P / T ( thickness)

Question 19

normal O2-CO2 - N2O is perfusion or diffusion-limited

Answer 19

perfusion limited . the only way to increase it is to increase the blood flow

Question 20

P50 normal individual is around

Answer 20

26

Question 21

hypercapnia leads to what bil CBF

Answer 21

increase flow

Question 22

why does panic attack lead to dizziness?

Answer 22

panic attack–> hypocapnia –> decrease in CBF –>dizziness

Question 23

O2 binding capacity

Answer 23

is 20.1 ml O2 / dL of blood

Question 24

congenital methemeglobinia def in what enzyme

Answer 24

methemoglobin reductase ( change Fe 3+ to Fe 2+ )

Question 25

why is cyanide toxic
sho el symptoms?

treat

Answer 25

binds to cytochrome c–> severe lactic acidosis
red skin le2ano ma 3am n3ml extraction lal oxygen and headache and tachypnea and tachycardia \

treat give inhaled nitrates then thiosulfates

Question 26

equattion P =

R=

Answer 26

QR

8mul / pie power 4

Question 27

explanation for A-a gradient in normal word ( adde lzm el normal eykun)

Answer 27

10-15
adde 2ata3 mnl alveolar to the blood.
so eza zed y3ni ma 3m y2ta3 mazbut
due to shunt, fibrosis , V/Q mismatch

Question 28

lung zones ( at apex and at base fare2)

Answer 28

at apex: wasted ventillation = 3

at base : wasted perfusion= 0.6

Question 29

aktr shi byefro2 ben el apex and base is perfusion or ventillation

Answer 29

perfusion

Question 30

giving 100% O2 improve

Answer 30

blood flow obstruction

Question 31

normal V/Q

Answer 31

0.8 DUE TO DEAD SPACE NOT PERFUSED

Question 32

V/Q ratio from apex in response to exercise leads to

Answer 32

being more uniform le2ano el pulmonary bloood flow increased

Question 33

explain haldane effect

Answer 33

once O2 binds to Hb –>dissociation of H plus . byet7awal la co2 –> H plus combine with HCO3 lead to CO2

Question 34

Bohr effect

Answer 34

increased acidity –> shift to R –> unlaoding of O2

Question 35

CO2 aktr form mawjud bil blood is

Answer 35

HCO3 ( 70%)