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KN JD NPTE: PULMONARY > Pulm A&P, Breathing > Flashcards

Pulm A&P, Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

Larynx

A

Connects pharynx to trachea, including epiglottis and vocal cords

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2
Q

What is considered part of the respiratory unit?

A

Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

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3
Q

R vs L lung: How many lobes? What are fissures called? How many segments?

A

R: 3 lobes, oblique and horizontal fissure, each lobe into segments, 10 in total

L: 2 lobes, oblique fissure, each lobe into segments, 8 in total

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4
Q

Primary muscle of inspiration

A

Diaphragm

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5
Q

Accessory muscles of inspiration

A

Upper ribs raised: Scalenes, SCM
Rest of ribs raised by: levator costarum, serratus
Shoulder girdle fixed: trapezius, pecs, serratus

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6
Q

Expiratory muscles

A

used when quicker/fuller expiration desired

QL, portions of intercostals, abdominal muscles, triangularis sterni

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7
Q

How is the diaphragm situated in patients who lack abdominal musculature? (SCI)
What happens to inspiratory reserve/inspiratory capacity?
How does body position affect this?

A
  • Lower resting position of diaphragm
  • Decreased inspiratory reserve
  • The more upright the body position, the lower the diaphragm and the lower the inspiratory capacity
  • More supine, more advantageous for diaphragm
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8
Q

What is REEP? When does it occur?

A

Resting end expiratory pressure (REEP)
Point of equilibrium at which forces of inward pull/outward pull on the lungs is balanced
- Occurs at end tidal expiration

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9
Q

Tidal volume (TV)

A

Amount of gas inhaled (or exhaled) during normal resting breath

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10
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Volume of gas that can be inhaled beyond normal resting tidal inhalation

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11
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

Volume of gas that can be exhaled. Beyond normal resting tidal exhalation

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12
Q

Residual volume (RV)

A

Volume of gas that remains in the lungs after ERV has been exhaled

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13
Q

What are capacities?

A

2 or more lung volumes added together

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14
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

IRV + TV

Amount of air that can be inhaled from REEP

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15
Q

vital capacity

A

IRV + TV + ERV

Amount of air that is under volitional control; conventionally measured as forced expiratory vital capacity (FVC)

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16
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

ERV + RV

Amount of air that resides in lungs after normal resting tidal exhalation

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17
Q

Total lung capacity

A

IRV + TV + ERV + RV

Total amount of air that is contained within the thorax during maximum inspiratory effort

18
Q

FEV1

A

Amount of air exhaled during 1st second of FVC

19
Q

What is normal FVC1

A

At least 70% of FVC is inhaled within first second (FEV1/FVC x 100 > 70%)

20
Q

Forced expiratory flow rate (FEF ___% - ___%) is the slope of a line drawn between the points __% and __% of exhaled volume on a forced vital capacity exhalation curve. This flow rate is more specific to ___ ___ and shows more dramatic with ___ than FEV1.

A 
25-75
25
75
Smaller airways
Disease
21
Q

Diffusion of gas across alveolar-capillary membrane

A

Respiration

22
Q

Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (____) depends on integrity of pulmonary system circulatory cysteine, and ___. At room air, it is ___ mmHg.
What are hypoxemia and hyperoxemia values?

A 
PaO2
PaO2
95-100
Hypoxemia: <90
Hyperoxemia: >100
23
Q

Fraction of oxygen in inspired air (____) is percentage of O2 in air based on total of 1.00. Supplemental oxygen increased percentage >21% (room air), and is prescribed when PaO2 is below ____mmHg

A

FiO2

55

24
Q

PaO2 is related to pulse oximetry (SpO2) by oxyhemoglobin curve. Normal PaO2 of ____ equates to SpO2 of _____%. Between ____ mmHg is point at which oxygen dissociates faster from hemoglobin, corresponding to SpO2 of ___%. ____ ____ should be considered at this point.

A 
90-100
98-100
55-60
88-90
Supplemental
25
Q

Ability to remove carbon dioxide from pulmonary circulation and maintain pH

A

Alveolar ventilation

26
Q

___ indicates concentration of free-floating hydrogen ions within body. What is normal?

A

pH

7.35-7.45

27
Q

PaCO2: partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood
Normal is?
Hypercapnea?
Hypocapnea?

A

35-45 mmHg
>45
<35

28
Q

How do PaCO2 and pH interact?

A

Inversely
Increase PaCO2, decrease pH
Decrease PaCO2, increase pH

29
Q

HCO3- is amount of bicarbonate ions in arterial blood.

Normal is?

A

22-28 mEq/L

30
Q

How do HCO3- and pH relate?

A

Direct relationship
Increase bicarbonate, increase pH
Decrease bicarbonate, decrease pH

31
Q

What is dead space?

A

Anatomical (conducting A/W) or physiological (diseased)

Space that is well ventilated, but no respiration (gas exchange) occurs

32
Q

What is a shunt?

A

No respiration occurs because of ventilation abnormality

33
Q

Shunt: complete ___ of a respiratory unit allows blood to travel through pulmonary capillary without gas diffusion

A

Atelectasis

34
Q

Effects of body position on ventilation perfusion relationship.
Perfusion is ___ ___. More pulmonary blood found at ___ of lung in upright position.

A

Gravity dependent

Base

35
Q

Effects of body position on ventilation perfusion relationship.
Ventilation: At static point of REEP, ____ alveoli are fuller than those at ___.

A

Apical

Base

36
Q

Effects of body position on ventilation perfusion relationship.
Ventilation: during dynamic phase of inspiration, more air delivered to the ____-filled alveoli at the bases, causing greater change in VE at the ___.

A

Less

Bases

37
Q

Effects of body position on ventilation perfusion relationship.
Ratio of pulmonary alveolar ventilation to pulmonary capillary perfusion

A

V/Q ratio

38
Q

Effects of body position on ventilation perfusion relationship.
Upright: apices are gravity ___, with lowest blood flow, or ___. More air than blood, resulting in high ___ ratio (___ ___).

A

Independent, Q

VQ, dead space

39
Q

Effects of body position on ventilation perfusion relationship.
Perfusion and ventilation of the middle zone of the lung are ___ ___. Bases are gravity ___, and have most ___. Although VE relatively high, there is more blood than air (low ___, ___).

A 
Evenly matched
Dependent
Q
VQ
shunt
40
Q

The gravity-independent area of the lung, despite the position of the body, acts as ___.
Gravity dependent area acts as ___.

A

Dead space

Shunt

41
Q

Control of ventilation:

What kind of receptors send information to controller?

A

Baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, irritant, and stretch receptors

42
Q

Control of ventilation:

What are the parts of the central control center?

A

Cortex, pons, medulla, ANS

KN JD NPTE: PULMONARY (15 decks)

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