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YEAR 4/4.5 > Public Policy Final > Flashcards

Public Policy Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are national policies often implemented chiefly by?

A

states

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2
Q

Which of the following level of government play the dominant role in crime control and land-use regulation?

A

local and state

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3
Q

T/F Politics is one of the principal reasons public policy is so riddled with conflict and why it can be so difficult to analyze

A

T

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4
Q

T/F Political cultures are similar across all of the states

A

F

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5
Q

T/F Policy problems can only be addressed via government action

A

F

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6
Q

T/F Policy Performance, such as state Medicaid and SNAP programs, is uniform across all states

A

F

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7
Q

T/F Incremental decision making is considered to be more realistic approach in the policy making process

A

T

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8
Q

How is foreign policy different than other policy areas?

A
  • greater need for secrecy
  • lack of transparency
  • more reliance on policy professionals
  • less input from public
    dominance by the president over congress
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9
Q

Who are key advisors to the president for foreign affairs?

A
  • secretary of state
  • presidents national security adviser
  • the national security council
  • key congressional committes
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10
Q

What are the 5 goals of foreign policy?

A
  • rebuilding of a war devasted Europe
  • the formation and support for the United Nations
  • a military buildup to ensure adequate capacity to deal with potential enemies
  • the development and growth of the nations intelligence agencies to provide
  • the initiation of economic and military assistances to other nations for humanitarian and strategic
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11
Q

What are the three areas of environmental policy?

A
  • environmental protection or pollution control
  • natural resources
  • energy policy
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12
Q

What are some positive externalities of education?

A
  • society benefits from a more educated population
  • individuals typically will make more money with a college degree
  • the return on a states investment through tuition subsidization is a good investment
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13
Q

Describe higher education as a private good

A

most benefits of higher education are bestowed upon the individual and he or she receives a higher wage as a result, then pushing more cost to that individual may make sense

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14
Q

Describe higher education as a public good

A

since the additional education will make society as a whole better through better citizenship, more economic development, and less need for social services, then public support for educations is appropriate

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15
Q

What is a means-tested program?

A
  • social program in which recipients must meet an income test in order to qualify for benefits
  • example: welfare
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16
Q

What is a social insurance program?

A
  • citizens pay into a fund from which they expect to receive money back when they are eligible
  • example: social security
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17
Q

What is incremental policymaking?

A

policy changes that occur in small steps; adjustments are made at the margins of existing policies through minor amendments or the gradual extension of a programs mandates or the group it serves

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18
Q

What is policy capacity?

A

the ability of government to identify and evaluate public problems, and to develop suitable policies to deal with them

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19
Q

What are block grants?

A

transfer of federal dollars to the states, where the states have substantial discretion in how to spend the money to meet the needs of their citizens

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20
Q

What are categorical grants?

A

transfer of federal dollars to the states where the funding must be used for specific purposes

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21
Q

What are unfunded mandates?

A

federal requirements placed upon the state government without sufficient funds for implementation

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22
Q

What is decentralization?

A
  • transfer of policy authority from the federal government to the states
  • both political parties aren’t too keen on this
  • questions about policy capacity comes up
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23
Q

What is the order of the policy process model?

A
  • agenda setting
  • policy formulation
  • policy legitimation
  • policy implementation
  • policy evaluation
  • policy change
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24
Q

What are the three types of policy analysis?

A
  • scientific
  • professional
  • political
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25
Q

What is policy analysis?

A

described as a systematic and organized way to evaluate public policy alternatives or existing government

26
Q

In what year did employer-sponsored health insurance become popular?

A

1950s

27
Q

The center for Disease Control and Prevention is an example?

A

public health agency

28
Q

If we increase the minimum wage and expanding the EITC is considered to be what kind of policy?

A

redistributive

29
Q

Differences between debt and deficit

A
  • debt is money owned to someone
  • deficit refers to spending more money than is received
30
Q

What is citizen capacity?

A

the ability of citizens to participate in policymaking processes; that is, their level of interest and knowledge, and their ability to understand issues and play an active role

31
Q

What is public participation?

A

the involvement of the public in political and government processes. It can refer to voting, writing letters or email messages to policymakers, talking with others about policy issues, or assuming a direct role in governmental decisions.

32
Q

What is elite theory?

A
  • a policymaking theory that emphasizes how the values and preferences of governing elites, which differ from those of the public at large, affect public policy development
  • policy actors in this: think wealthy
  • helps demonstrate that the policymaking process might not be as democratic as one thinks
33
Q

What is group theory?

A
  • a policymaking theory that sees public policy as the product of a continuous struggle among organized interest groups; tend to believe that power in the U.S. pollical system is widely shared among interest groups, each of which seeks policymaking process
  • interest groups hold the power, “pluralists”
34
Q

What is institutional theory?

A
  • a policymaking theory that emphasizes the formal and legal aspects of government structures. Institutional models look at the way governments are arranged, their legal powers, and their rules for decision making
  • used to study how these different entities perform in the policymaking process
35
Q

what is rational choice theory?

A
  • a policymaking theory that draws heavily from economics; assumes that in making decisions are rational actors who seek to attain their preferences or further their self-interests. The goal is to deduce or predict how individuals will behave under a variety of conditions
36
Q

What is political systems theory?

A

a policymaking theory that stresses the way the political system responds to demands that arise from its environment such as public opinion and interest group pressures. Systems theory’s emphasizes the larger social, economic, and cultural context in which political decisions and policy choices are made

37
Q

What is the selected criteria for evaluating public policy proposals?

A
  • effectiveness
  • efficiency
  • equity
  • liberty/freedom
  • political feasibility
  • social acceptability
  • administrative feasibility
  • technical feasibility
38
Q

What are the instruments of public policy?

A
  • regulation
  • government management
  • education, info, persuasion
  • taxing and spending
  • market mechanisms
39
Q

Why has the government grown over the last 100 years?

A
  • Americans society has become more complex and faces more challenging problems (modernity)
  • public acceptance of business regulation; supreme courts expansive interpretations of the commerce and NC clauses
40
Q

What are redistributive policies?

A
  • policies that provide benefits to one category of individuals at the expense of another; often reflect ideological or class conflict
  • example would be increasing minimum wage and expanding ETIC
41
Q

What is eligibility for means-tested programs based on?

A

need

42
Q

What are the two main problems with healthcare in the U.S?

A

cost & accessibility

43
Q

Why is social security hard to reform?

A
  • largest federal government program today
  • retirement age and poverty issues
44
Q

What can explain why certain policies are adopted?

A

Theories

45
Q

What is public policy?

A

What public officials within government, and by extension the citizens they represent, choose to do or not do about public problems. This can include passing laws or approving regulations, spending money, or providing tax breaks, among other things.

46
Q

What is one way of reducing the deficit?

A

increase revenue through taxes or other devices

47
Q

What does recession mean?

A

A term used to explain the negative growth over two or more consecutive quarters

48
Q

What matters does foreign policy deal with?

A
  • immigration
  • climate change
  • international trade
49
Q

What are the economic issues of the debt & deficit?

A
  • decreasing entitlement spending is not easy, programs like social security and Medicare will be effected
  • raising the interest in student loans may result in lesser people attending college
  • increasing taxes hurt the people, and would still not be enough to cover the deficit overall
50
Q

What are the political issues of the debt & deficit?

A
  • cuts in entitlement programs would lead to the change of laws
  • cutting programs leads to uproar from certain interest groups
51
Q

What are equity issues of the debt & deficit?

A
  • questions of morality come into talk
  • is it ethical to cut programs like social security and Medicare to reduce the deficit
  • raising taxes to reduce the deficits bring talks on infringing on peoples freedoms
52
Q

What is an entitlement program?

A
  • A program in which payment obligations are determined by the law that created it, not by the budget associated with that program. Under entitlement programs, any person who meets the eligibility requirements is entitled to receive benefits from the program.
  • Examples of this program type would be social security or Medicare
53
Q

Describe healthcare as a merit good

A

A good or service to which people are entitled as a right. Some argue that health care should be considered a merit good and as such be provided by either employers or government regardless of ability to pay.

54
Q

What is Medicare?

A

A national health insurance program for senior citizens. Covers basic medical care for those age sixty-five and older, and others with permanent disabilities, diabetes, or end-stage renal disease

55
Q

What is Medicaid?

A

A federal state health insurance program that assists the poor and disabled. The federal government sets standards for services and pays about half the cost. States pay the rest and set standards for eligibility and overall benefit levels.

56
Q

What are policy outcomes?

A
  • outcome reflects who participate in the process
  • who does not
  • different resources that the policy actors to the decision making process
57
Q

How does technology impacted citizen participation?

A
  • recent elections demonstrated the enormous potential for candidate fund-raising and citizen mobilization through social media
  • many will find it much easier to become informed about issues and play an active role in public affairs
58
Q

What role does effectiveness have on the policymaking process?

A
  • define as how well a policy might work
  • difficult to address
  • an important consideration at a time when many critics doubt the capacity of government to solve any problem
59
Q

What role does efficiency have on the policymaking process?

A
  • refers to what a policy or policy proposal costs in relation to its expected benefits to society
  • the criterion most likely to receive attention in contemporary policymaking as policy alternatives and existing programs are assessed
  • demand comparison of the costs with the benefits of government action
60
Q

What role does equity have on the policymaking process?

A
  • refers to the consideration of what constitutes a fair or equitable policy choice.
  • Equity issues and personal freedom are addressed less frequently than effectiveness and efficiency
  • it may include concerns that range from protecting individual freedom to regulating how policy costs and benefits are distributed among groups in a population, such as urban and rural residents or rich and poor taxpayers, or, as popularized in recent years, between those in the top 1 percent of income earners and the rest of the population

YEAR 4/4.5 (17 decks)

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