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Medtech 12 > Public Issues (Unit 4) > Flashcards

Public Issues (Unit 4) Flashcards

1
Q

Historical Landmarks in Public Health

A

Quarantine
Sanitation
Immunization

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2
Q

Isolation of people with a disease or possible contact with a disease from healthy people (Was practiced in ancient times)

A

Quarantine

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3
Q

History of Quarantine

A

In the wake of one of history’s most devastating epidemics of bubonic plague, the Byzantine emperor Justinian enacts a law meant to hinder and isolate people arriving from plague-infested regions.

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4
Q

Black death of the 14th century:

A

Venice established the first formal system of quarantine, requiring ships to lay at anchor for 40 days before landing. (“Quarantine” comes from the Latin for forty.)

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4
Q

583
The Council of Lyons restricts lepers from freely associating with _______
1179
The Third Lateran Council decrees living arrangements for lepers and how their necessary _____ from society is to take place.
1200
Europe now has some 19,000 leprosaria, or houses for leper patients; France alone boasts roughly 2,000.

A

healthy persons

separation

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4
Q

Cholera epidemic of 1854-5
_____ proved cholera was spread through the town water pump.
The water was _______by an underground sewer near the well.
John Snow is called the father of epidemolgy.

A

John Snow
contaminated

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4
Q

Waste materials were _________ to be washed down the drains after a rain
Diseases such as ____ and ____ were common during these times

A

disposed of in alleyways
typhoid and cholera

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5
Q

IN 1738: With smallpox and yellow fever threatening to strike New York, the City Council sets up a….

A

quarantine anchorage off Bedloe’s Island (home of the Statue of Liberty today). The island becomes a quarantine station for contagious passengers and crew from arriving ships.

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6
Q

Plague Doctors

A

-tended to plague patients only
-Doctors early form of PPE long pointed beak mask probably containing herbs
-long coat and gloves which completely covered their body
-Carried stick to keep distance

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7
Q

Early attempts at sanitation was _______ to collect wastewater which emptied directly into a river or other body of water

A

drainage ditches

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8
Q

In 1979, smallpox has been officially _____ from the world (no place where smallpox exist)

A

eradicated

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9
Q

Immunization:

During 18th century _____ killed one in 10 children, _______ inoculated patients with cow pox and it prevented them from getting smallpox.

A

smallpox
Edward Jenner

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10
Q

It outlines ways of collectively working together in times of ________

A

health emergencies.

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10
Q

he public health system includes

A

Public health agencies at state and local levels
Healthcare providers
Public safety agencies
Human service and charity organizations
Education and youth development organizations
Recreation and arts-related organizations
Economic and philanthropic organizations
Environmental agencies and organizations

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10
Q

Role of Public Health:

Assessment-

A

Monitor health status to identify and solve community health problems
Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community

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11
Q

Assurance-

A

Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety
Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable
Assure competent public and personal health care workforce
Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services
Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems

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11
Q

Policy/ Development-

A

Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues
Mobilize community partnerships and action to identify and solve health problems
Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts

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12
Q

It a code of conduct which can help

A

prevent and control health threats, and provide a public health response without interference from international trade and traffic.

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13
Q

__________ was issued in 1969, and revised in 2005

A

International Health Regulations

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14
Q

GOARN stands for

A

Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network

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15
Q

Dumping of Toxic Chemicals

A

In 2006, 500 tons was unloaded from a cargo ship and dumped a various sites in Cote d’ Ivoire, West Africa
8 deaths 69 admitted to hospital, with many more with health issues
Concern over contamination of water and food.

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15
Q

ChemiNet

A

Chemical Incident alert and Response System
WHO established it in 2002
Was setup to respond to environmental health events which might impact international health
Coordinates resources to respond to chemical incidents,
Also monitors for the release of chemicals, and assists in recovery.

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15
Q

what is GOARN?

A

Initiated by WHO in 2000
Was setup to ensure countries have rapid access to resources and experts.
Includes the collaboration of over 200 institutions from over 60 countries
The network coordinate the expertise and skills to respond to outbreaks of international importance.
Provides ongoing surveillance and monitoring for future outbreaks

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15
Q

Global Polio Eradication Initiative

A

The organization that is responsible for the surveillance of many vaccine-preventable diseases, and its goal is to eradicate Polio
Currently, only 2 countries, Afghanistan and Pakistan has on going cases of polio, 26 other countries experience outbreak due to importation from other countries

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16
Q

New Health risk in 21st Century

A

Bioterrorism
Anthrax Letters
In 2001, lethal anthrax spores were placed in letters in the U.S. mail
22 people were infected, 5 of them dies.

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16
Q

SARS

A

In 2003 first new severe disease reveled our vulnerability
It can spread person to person, with no vector
Incubates silently for more than a week,
Mimics symptoms of other diseases
Takes heavies toll on hospital staff and kills10% of those infected.
Can easily spread through air travel

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16
Q

Global Public Health security

A

Partnerships must exist amongst countries to achieve this.
All countries need to
implement the IHR (International Health Regulations),
Cooperate in the surveillance and outbreak alert and response
Openly share knowledge, technologies and materials
Increase training for public health personnel

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16
Q
  1. In the 21st century, describe why infectious diseases pose a greater threat to the global population.
A

-climate change
-increased global travel and urbanization (rapid spread across border)
-bioterrorism (anthrax)/inventions of other biochemical weapons

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17
Q
  1. What in the role of GOARN?
A

-coordinating international responses to disease outbreaks and public health emergencies
-facilities resources fast and experts in affected areas
-preventing spread across borders

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17
Q
  1. In history, there are 3 major landmarks in public health that is still very relevant today. Describe the impact of the following public health landmarks at their time in history and their importance to today’s public health.
A

-Quarantine (isolation of ppl with disease, reduced spread of COVID, at the time prevented epidemics such as plague, saved lives)

-Sanitation (snow created during cholera outbreak, clean water ad proper waste disposal preventing spread, and is used in healthcare all the time now)

-Immunization (reduced deadly disease almost eradicated stuff like polio and smallpox, still kids are given it save lives prevent illness)

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17
Q

example of Epidemic

A

Ex. AIDS in Africa or AIDS in intravenous drug users

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18
Q
  • separation and restriction of movement who are not ill but who may have been exposed to infection, in order to prevent further transmission of disease.
    Can involve close contact with ill person, such as family, social events, airplanes, health care workers.
    If an entire community is quarantined, it is called cordon sanitaire
A

Quarantine

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18
Q
  1. Why is it crucial to have collaboration between donor and recipient countries?
A

-ensures that resources are allocated effectively and efficiently
-donor countries provide funding, expertise and tech while recipient countries offer local knowledge which promotes sustainability

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18
Q
  1. WHO established the ChemiNet in 2002. Why was it established?
A

-To enhance global cooperation and coordination in responding to chemical incidents and emergencies
-Chemical Incident alert and Response System
Coordinates resources to respond to chemical incidents,
Also monitors for the release of chemicals, and assists in recovery.

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18
Q
  1. Enforcing borders controls is not effective way to stop the spread of disease in today’s world. How can the spread of disease be prevented?
A

-promoting vaccines
-bettering global surveillance systems to detect outbreak
-educate on safety, washing hands
-investing in health programs and centres

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19
Q

a disease that occurs in a certain place or group of people
Polio in Afghanistan

A

Endemic

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19
Q

affects more than the expected number of cases of disease occurring in a community or region during a given period of time. A sudden severe outbreak within a region or a group.

A

Epidemic

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20
Q

refers to the sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease

A

outbreak

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21
Q
  • contacting all people that was in contact with a person who has tested positive to ensure all precautions are taken to prevent the spread of the disease
A

Contact tracing

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21
Q

example of Pandemic

A

Ex. H1N1 COVID 19

Note: WHO- World Health Organization

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21
Q

ex of outbreak

A

Ex. Many residents in a nursing home getting sick with a flu virus.

ebola outbreak

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22
Q

Phases of an Pandemic

A

WHO has identified 6 phases of a pandemic, subdivided into 3 periods.
Inter pandemic Period- Phases 1 and 2
Pandemic Alert Period- Phases 3, 4 and 5
Pandemic Period- Phase 6

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22
Q

An epidemic (a sudden outbreak) that becomes very widespread and affects a whole region, a continent, or the world.

A

Pandemic

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22
Q

Ability of a virus to move from poultry to wild birds and back again, or to other species (humans, pigs)

A

Relay transmission

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22
Q
  • separation and restriction of movement of people who are ill with an infectious disease.
A

Isolation

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23
Q
  • maintaining a distance of 2m or 6ft between you and other people.
A

Social distancing

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23
Q

-Minor genetic changes in virus
-Reason why flu vaccines must be reformulated every year for the seasonal flu.

A

Antigenic drift

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24
Q

Interpandemic Period:

Phase 1-

Phase 2 -

A

Phase 1
Informs us no animal influenza virus is currently detected in humans.
If virus is present in animals, risk of human infection is low

Phase 2
No animal influenza detected in humans
A animal influenza virus is circulating and increases the risk of human infection

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25
Q

WHO goals and responses during Phases 1 and 2

A

Goal
Strengthen global, national and local preparedness
Minimize risk of transmission to humans

Responses
Improve farming practices
Enhance animal surveillance
Investigate suspect cases

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26
Q

Pandemic Alert:

Phase 3 -

A

A group or cluster of people is affected by a strain of influenza that is not caused by person to person transmission.

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27
Q

Goals and responses During Phases 3

A

Goal- to characterized new virus subtype and contain virus

Response
Consider culling and vaccinating animal source (kill all of them)
Isolating human infections
Use of antivirals

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28
Q

Pandemic Alert
Phase 4

A

Small clusters resulting in limited spread from person to person, causing local outbreaks in communities

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29
Q

Goals and responses during Phase 4

A

Goal- contain virus and delay spread
Response
Continue containment; restrict travel, quarantine, use of antiviral medications
Speed up vaccine development

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30
Q

Pandemic Alert:

Phase 5 -

A

Human to human spread(outbreaks) has occurred in at least two countries in one WHO region
Suggesting virus is better adapted to humans, but not fully transmissible

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31
Q

Goal and responses During Phases 5

A

Goal- contain and delay spread to avert pandemic and to gain time to implement pandemic measures

Response
Continue containment, antiviral medications
Restrict travel
Consider community containment if necessary

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32
Q

Pandemic period:

Phase 6 -

A

Considered the true “pandemic phase” with community level outbreaks in at least one other country in a different region that was originally noted in phase 5
Virus is widespread and containment measures is no longer effective
Pandemic starts to subside with decreasing number of cases and possibly good vaccine coverage

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33
Q

Goals and responses during Phase 6

A

Goal- to minimize impact of pandemic

Response
Continue containment, isolation and/or quarantine as needed
Continue to administer antiviral medications as per priority groups
Immunize when vaccines comes available
Actively monitor high- risks areas

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34
Q

Infection levels drop below peak levels and spread has slowed down

A

Post Pandemic Peak Period

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35
Q

WHO Action Plan During Post Peak Period

A

Plan and coordinate for resources for possible future waves

Continue surveillance to detect future waves

Continue to update the public

Evaluate the effectiveness of the measures taken

Rest, restock, and rebuild essential services

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35
Q

Infection levels drops to level normally seen for the regular seasonal influenza

A

Post Pandemic Period

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36
Q

WHO Action Plan During Post Pandemic Period

A

Review lessons learned and share experiences

Replenish resources

Evaluate all interventions implemented

Evaluate the response of the health system to the pandemic

37
Q

Developed by the Pandemic Influenza Committee of the Public Health Agency of Canada

A

Canadian Pandemic Influenza Plan

37
Q

The committed included experts in:

A

Infectious disease
Public health
Emergency response
Epidemiology
Laboratory diagnostics

38
Q

goal of the plan

A

To minimize serious illness
To minimize number of deaths
To minimize societal disruption among Canadians

39
Q

Plan details

A

Include disease surveillance
Public health measures
Vaccine development, production and use
Emergency response, health services
Strategies for using antiviral medications
Outlines roles and responsibilities of all levels of government
Possible priority list is under review because of ethical dilemmas it poses
Stockpiling medications (has come under criticism)

40
Q

How you can help stop the spread of Influenza?

A

Handwashing
2 metre rule- stay 2 m away from people who are sick
Cover nose, mouth when sneezing
Wear masks within 2 m of sick people
Wear gloves if caring for sick people
Keep social interactions at a minimum
Follow community public health measures- don’t travel, or go to mall

41
Q

If a deadly virus is discovered and starts to spread worldwide, what action to you expect your government to take to keep you protected?

A

-letting us know more quickly (inform)
-masks
-quarantine
-stop travels

42
Q

What actions would you take if a deadly virus is identified in the GTA?

A

-stay at home
-wear mask
-social distancing

43
Q

Should a health care worker be forced to work with patients who are infected with a deadly virus?

A

-shouldn’t be forced, up to them, but they may lose job, it is their job but should be given proper protection

44
Q

What century did the Bubonic Plague (The Black Death) take place

A

Occurred in the 14th to the 17th century)

45
Q

what outbreak Killed 25 million (wiped out 50% of Europe’s population)

A

Bubonic Plague (The Black Death)

46
Q

Symptoms included vomiting blood, diarrhea, respiratory failure, headache, swollen lymph glands, red spots on skin which turned black(painful)

A

Bubonic Plague (The Black Death)

47
Q

How was bubonic plague spread?

A

Was spread through bites from infected rodents, fleas, and lice.

47
Q

Still cases of buboic plague reported today, which can be treated with antibiotics (T/F)

A

TRUE

48
Q

when did Russian Flu Pandemic
occur

A

Occurred in 1889-90

48
Q

What is Russian flu viral strain?

A

Viral strain- H2N2

49
Q

Killed 1 million worldwide

A

Russian Flu Pandemic

50
Q

Symptoms included fever, pneumonia, and traditional flu-like symptoms

A

Russian Flu Pandemic

50
Q

Believed to have originated in ______, but spread rapidly through Europe the rest of the world

A

China

51
Q

When did Spanish Flu Pandemic occur

A

Occurred in 1918-20

51
Q

What is the viral strain of Spanish Flu?

A

Viral strain- H1N1

51
Q

Killed 40 to 100 million worldwide (deadliest to young men between ages of 25-30)

A

Spanish Flu Pandemic

51
Q

Killed more people than WWI.

A

Spanish Flu Pandemic

52
Q

Originally misdiagnosed as cholera, dengue or typhoid

A

Spanish Flu Pandemic

52
Q

Symptoms of what included bleeding from nose, ears, stomach or intestines

A

Spanish Flu Pandemic

53
Q

Most deaths caused by ______ caused by the influenza

A

pneumonia

53
Q

How did spanish flu spread?

A

Spread by person to person contact

54
Q

Believed to have originated in _____, then towards Europe along trade/shipping routes and soldiers returning home from the war

A

Tibet

54
Q

When did Asian Flu Pandemic occur

A

Occurred in 1957-8

55
Q

What is the viral strain of Asian Flu pandemic

A

Viral strain- H2N2

56
Q

Killed about 2 million(mainly elderly, children and pregnant women)

A

Asian Flu Pandemic

56
Q

Symptoms included fatigue, aches and pains and fever that lasted for 2 weeks

A

Asian Flu Pandemic

57
Q

How was Asian flu spread?

A

It was spread by person to person contact

58
Q

First identified in _____, then detected in wild ducks in Southern China before mutating with the existing human flu strain

A

Far East

59
Q

When did Hong Kong Influenza occur

A

Occurred in 1968-1969

60
Q

What is the viral strain of Hong Kong Influenza

A

Viral strain- H3N2

61
Q

Killed about 1 million worldwide (elderly was the hardest hit)

A

Hong Kong Influenza

61
Q

Symptoms included high fever, joint pain, lack of energy, which worsen and lasted longer than the regular flu. Victims often bedridden for 2 weeks

A

Hong Kong Influenza

62
Q

How was Hong Kong influenza spread?

A

It was spread by person to person contact(coughing sneezing)

63
Q

False alarm pandemic

A

Fort Dix Novel Swine Influenza

64
Q

‘Novel’ strain-one which humans have little or no immunity

A

Fort Dix Novel Swine Influenza

64
Q

230 soldiers infected, 1 death
45 million vaccinated, some thought they overreacted

A

Fort Dix Novel Swine Influenza

65
Q

First documented cases of human infection in Hong Chong recorded in 1997 and late case detected in Feb. 2017

A

Avian Flu(Bird Flu)

66
Q

killed more than 60% of those who contracted the virus

A

Avian Flu(Bird Flu)

67
Q

symptoms of avian flu

A

Symptoms are similar to the regular flu; cough, fever, muscle aches, sore throat

68
Q

how was avian flu/bird flu spread

A

It is spread through contact with infected poultry or surfaces with secretions from infected birds. Person to person transmission is rare.

69
Q

when did SARS(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) occur

A

Occurred in 2002-3

70
Q

A coronavirus

A

SARS(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)

71
Q

Killed almost 800 people worldwide, affected more than 30 countries

A

SARS(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)

72
Q

symptoms of SARS(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)

A

Symptoms included high fever, headache, overall feeling of discomfort. Some experienced dry cough and respiratory symptoms. Most developed pneumonia

73
Q

how was SARS spread

A

It was spread by person to person contact or contact with infected objects

74
Q

when did H1N1(formerly called Swine Flu) occur

A

Occurred in 2009-10

75
Q

Killed almost 18,000 people worldwide, affected over 214 countries

A

H1N1(formerly called Swine Flu)

76
Q

Early cases of swine flu were reported in ____, which then spread to the rest of the world

A

Mexico

77
Q

symptoms of H1N1

A

Symptoms are similar to the regular flu; cough, fever, muscle aches, sore throat, tiredness, headache

78
Q

how was H1N1 spread?

A

It was spread by contact with an infected person, or touching infected objects and then touching mouth or nose

79
Q

Began in 2019 in Wuhan China, currently active worldwide

A

Covid-19

80
Q

name of COVID/varient

A

Novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2

81
Q

Genome of COVID 19 is made up of a single strain of ___

A

RNA

82
Q

covid Has a more serious effect on ___ and people with underlying health issues

A

elderly

83
Q

In Oct 2020, 41.3 million cases worldwide with 1.2 millions deaths. In Canada, 206,00 cases with 9800 deaths.

A

Covid-19

84
Q

In May ____, WHO declared Covid -19 no longer a global emergency, but still a health threat

A

2023

85
Q

symptoms of COVID

A

fever (feeling hot to the touch, a temperature of 37.8 degrees Celsius or higher)
chills
cough that’s new or worsening (continuous, more than usual)
barking cough, making a whistling noise when breathing (croup)
shortness of breath (out of breath, unable to breathe deeply)
sore throat
difficulty swallowing
runny, stuffy or congested nose (not related to seasonal allergies or other known causes or conditions)
lost sense of taste or smell
pink eye (conjunctivitis)
headache that’s unusual or long lasting
digestive issues (nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain)
muscle aches
extreme tiredness that is unusual (fatigue, lack of energy)
falling down often
for young children and infants: sluggishness or lack of appetite

86
Q

Do you think Ontario is prepared to deal with a epidemic/pandemic at this time?

A
86
Q

What concerns do you have regarding to being exposed to a deadly pandemic?

A
87
Q

What actions would you take to prevent you and your family from being exposed to the outbreak?

A
88
Q

In the Fort Dix outbreak, there was criticism that government over reacted by the mass vaccination, when a pandemic didn’t occur. Agree or Disagree?

A
89
Q

Threats to Public Health include

A

Infectious Diseases
Hight Threat Pathogens
Antimicrobial resistance
Vaccine Hesitancy
Chronic Diseases
Environmental Factors
Climate Change

90
Q

____ is constantly monitoring the strains of influenza in circulation and recommends which strains should be included in the yearly flu vaccine

A

WHO

91
Q

Social factors that promote rapid spread of infectious disease

A

Global population growth
International travel
Poor sanitation
Lack of clean drinking water
Lack of healthcare facilities

92
Q

The potential of pathogens is very ____, but WHO’s research and development (R&D) is limited

A

large

92
Q

WHO’s ________ Team identifies diseases and pathogens that have potential to cause a public health emergency but lack effective treatments and vaccines.

A

R&D Blueprint

92
Q

COVID-19
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
Ebola virus disease and Marburg virus disease
Lassa fever

ARE ALL ________

A

At present (2019), the priority diseases are:

93
Q

bacteria, parasites, viruses and fungi now has the ability to ____ antibiotics, antivirals and antimalarial medicines

A

resist

94
Q

what threatens to send us back to a time when we were unable to easily treat infections such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, gonorrhoea, and salmonellosis.

A

Antimicrobial resistance

94
Q

Refusal to vaccinate when vaccines are available

A

Vaccine Hesitancy

95
Q

The inability to prevent infections could seriously compromise surgery and procedures such as ________.

A

chemotherapy

95
Q

Over 85% are ______ income countries

A

lower-middle

96
Q

Threatens to reverse process in preventing certain diseases

A

Vaccine Hesitancy

97
Q

70% of deaths worldwide is caused by diabetes, cancer and heart disease which are all ________

A

Chronic Diseases

98
Q

Primary cause of air pollution is ______

A

burning fossil fuels

98
Q

5 major risk factors cause the diseases

A

Tobacco use
Physical inactivity
Harmful use of alcohol
Unhealthy diet
Air pollution

98
Q

Ex. Higher rates of diabetes in the______ populations due to inaccessibility/ cost of food in remote areas

A

First Nations

98
Q

________ damage respiratory and circulatory system, causing diseases such as cancer, stroke and heart and lung disease

A

Microscopic pollutants

98
Q

Some health problems can be associated with access to ________

A

proper food

98
Q

_______ is biggest environmental risk to health, 9 out of 10 people breathe polluted air every day

A

Air pollution

99
Q

Today the public health system is overwhelmed due to various factors. Identify some of these factors and describe what you can to help lessen the strain on the system.

A

Infectious Diseases
Hight Threat Pathogens
Antimicrobial resistance
Vaccine Hesitancy
Chronic Diseases
Environmental Factors
Climate Change

TO HELP: take mandatory vaccines, stay at home when exposed to illness, follow regulations on what items can be brought into the country and drink safe water not contaminated

99
Q

Public Health measures to Protect the Public

A

Legislation
COVID 19 Emergency Response Act (2020)
Quarantines
Stay home when exposed or sick with illness
Vaccinations
Mandatory to attend school
Water chlorination
Chlorine added to drinking water to kill bacteria
Regulations of what items can be brought into the country
Many plants and animals are prohibited due to potential to bring in diseases

99
Q

______ Cause death from malnutrition, malaria, and heat stress

A

Climate Change

99
Q

Mosquito borne disease, 20% lethal, growing threat for decades
Longer rainy season and spreading to less tropical countries (Napal)
40% of world population at risk

A

Dengue Fever

100
Q

Read the Article ‘Malaria migration’ and describe how bed nets are reducing the spread of malaria.

A

-The nets, treated with long-lasting insect repellent, have proven to be the most effective way to prevent malaria.
-protect while asleep

100
Q

Read the article ‘Diabetes increase’ and describe why this a public health concern.

A

Medtech 12 (5 decks)

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