Nutrition (Unit 2) Flashcards
How many main types of nutrients does food provide for the body
6
What are the six main types of nutrients for the body that food provides
-carbohydrates,
-proteins
-lipids,
-minerals
-vitamins
-water
the six nutrients are _____ chemicals that are broken down for the: (3)
edible
-body’s growth
-maintenance
-energy
are used primarily as a short-term energy source.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate molecules contain atoms of (3)
-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
What are the characteristics of glucose
CHO and RING
The basic carbohydrates are simple sugars called
monosaccharides
Examples of monosaccharides include (3)
-glucose
-fructose (fruit sugar)
-galactose
When two monosaccharides bond together, they form a double sugar, called a
disaccharide
Examples of disacchride include
-maltose
-sucrose (table sugar)
-lactose (milk sugar)
When many monosaccharides bond together in long chains, a _______ is formed.
polysaccharide
polysaccharide Examples include (2)
starch (energy storage in plants) and cellulose (found in plant cell walls, also known as “fibre”).
A diet rich in carbohydrates provides the body with
the necessary energy for survival and activity
Examples of carbs
whole grains, fruits, legumes
Lipids or fats are made up of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Fats contain more or less chemical energy per gram than carbohydrates?
MORE
animals use these macromolecules to store excess energy.
LIPID/FAT
Lipids function? (4)
-as long-term energy storage in animals.
-They also serve as components of the cell membrane,
-raw materials for the synthesis of hormones (eg. estrogen, testosterone),
-and physical and thermal insulation.
There are three main types of fats in foods:
saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats.
Characteristics of Saturated Fats
-single Chain
-solid at room temperature.
-Closely associated with increased health risks.
butter, lard, milk, cheese, cream, fats in meat are examples of what type of Fats
Saturated Fats
Appear to lower “bad” cholesterol and increase “good” cholesterol in blood.
Monounsaturated Fats
what fat is Found in: olive oil, canola and peanut oils, nuts, and seeds.
Monounsaturated Fats
What fat Lowers total cholesterol levels in the blood
Polyunsaturated Fats
what fat Includes omega-3 fats (fish oil) regulate blood pressure and are important for brain function and cell building and repair.
Polyunsaturated Fats
are important for the growth and repair of body tissues, and for the synthesis of hormones and enzymes.
Proteins
Proteins are chains composed of
amino acids
what fat is Found in: sunflower and corn oils, nuts, seeds, salmon, sardines, and tuna.
Polyunsaturated Fats
The _______ is analogous to the variable X in math – it represents a variety of possibilities.
R group
Amino acids contain what
central carbon attached to an amino group (-NH3), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a side chain (R group).
here are ____ different R groups, thus there are _____ different amino acids.
20
8 amino acids are considered ________ in our diets because ________
“essential”
the body cannot produce them.
A complete protein has ____________ in the correct proportions to support growth. Eg.) _________
all the essential amino acids
beef, poultry, fish, and eggs.
MICRONUTRIENTS that are inorganic substances – do not contain carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms.
Minerals
micronutrients ex vs macronutrients ex
Micro: minerals and vitamins
Macro: fat, protein and carbohydrate.
are needed in all body structures and are attached to some vitamins and hormones.
Minerals
Humans require __ minerals and these must be provided by foods or by _________.
22
supplements
Some important minerals include
calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn).
Mineral: ?
Function: Strengthen bones, teeth, muscle contraction
Best Food Source: Milk, broccoli, green leafy vegetables
Calcium
Mineral: ?
Function: Maintains good muscle and nerve function
Best Food Source: Milk, meat, fish, poultry, beans, grains
Phosphorus
Mineral: ?
Function: Wound healing, formation of hormones, enzymes, DNA
Best Food Source: Meat, beans, nuts, seeds
Zinc
Mineral: ?
Function: Proper function of thyroid gland
Best Food Source: Seafood, seaweed, iodized salt
Iodine
Mineral: ?
Function: Formation of hemoglobin, collagen and energy production
Best Food Source: Shell fish, organ meat, legumes
Copper
Mineral: ?
Function: Strengthens bones and teeth, maintains healthy blood pressure
Best Food Source: Leafy greens, nuts, milk
Magnesium
Mineral: ?
Function: Element of hemoglobin, prevents anemia
Best Food Source: Meat, poultry, prunes, oysters
Iron
Some vitamins (A, D, E, and K) are ____-soluble while others are _____-soluble.
fat
water
are organic chemicals that the body cannot make or can only make in very small quantities.
Vitamins
Vitamin B and C are water or fat soluble
water
There is no energy value in vitamins but they aid __________
essential chemical reactions in the body.
Vitamins help in (3)
-regulating metabolism,
-converting fats and carbohydrates into energy
-and forming bone and tissue.
Vitamin A,D,E,K are water or fat soluble
Fat
Several vitamins (including C, E, and beta carotene) are considered to be antioxidants – chemicals that can lessen the damage caused by harmful molecules known as ____________
free radicals.
Antioxidants play a major role in (2) delay/prevent?
-delaying aging
-and in preventing the development of cancer, heart and lung diseases, and even cataracts.
Water plays an essential role in carrying _____ and _______ from the cells and in regulating ______
carrying nutrients and wastes from the cells and in regulating body temperature.
Between_____ and ______ of our body weight is water.
60% and 70%
Guidelines recommend that adults consume the equivalent of _____ glasses of water daily.
8
Beverages such as coffee, tea, and cola should _____ be considered as water intake because they contain caffeine, which is a _______, making you lose water.
NOT
diuretic
- A marathon runner is preparing for a race and needs energy over a sustained period of time. What type of nutrient(s) should this athlete concentrate on consuming the day or two before the race begins? Explain your reasoning.
Focus on consuming complex carbs (like whole grain) because they provide steady release of energy (best energy source)
- Sucralose is a substance that tastes sweet. However, unlike sucrose, sucralose is not broken down by enzymes in the body. Instead, sucralose passes through the body unchanged. Why is sucralose marketed as a sweetener for dieters?
-because it provides sweetness without adding calories
-since it passes through the body without being broken down or absorbed, it does not contribute to calorie intake, making it a popular option for those looking to reduce calorie consumption while still enjoying sweet taste
-(body does not metabolize it for energy)
-does not affect blood sugar levels
- Why is it important for vegetarians- especially vegans, who eat no animal products, to be aware of what amino acids are in the foods they eat?
-8 amino acids our body cannot produce so has to be acquired through diet
-amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, which are essential for various functions in the body
-many plants may not contain all essential ones
must include nuts, seeds, beans etc
The Lugol’s or iodine is used to test for the presence of _____
-ve test- ______
+ve test- _______
starch
-ve test- yellow
+ve test- dark purple/black
Benedict’s solution is used to test for the presence of _____
-ve test- _____
+ve test -
Trace .5-1 %- light green
Low 1-1.5% -yellow
Moderate 1.5-2% -orange-red
High->2%- ______
simplesugars (monosaccharides) such as glucose
blue
brick red
Biuret’s reagent is use to test for the presence of _____
-ve test- _____
+ve test
Low- pink/light purple
Medium-violet
High- deep purple
protein
blue
LAB question:
What is the purpose of distilled water in each nutrient test?
LAB question:
What is the purpose of the samples containing albumin, glucose, fructose, starch and vegetable
oil?
two methods for testing for lipids
Method 1
Sudan IV solution is an indicator
of lipids which are soluble in
certain solvents. Lipids turn
Sudan IV solution from a pink to
a red colour. Polar compounds
will not cause Sudan IV to
change colour
Method 2
Translucent test using paper
-ve test not translucent
+ve test translucent
A balanced diet includes
adequate amounts of all
the necessary nutrients the
body requires for healthy
growth and activity
What test result would you expect if you tested sucrose with Benedict’s reagent? Explain why.
No single food will provide all the essential nutrients that the body needs (TRUE OR FALSE)
TRUE
A diet which includes ________ is
most likely to provide all
the essential nutrients
a variety of different foods
Too much fat can lead to
obesity and heart disease
Too little protein can lead to problems with
growth and repair
All foods can be a part of a healthy diet if
consume in moderation!!
Benefits of eating well and being active (6)
Better overall health
Lower risk of disease( heart disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, osteoporosis)
A healthy body weight
Feeling and looking better
More energy
Stronger muscles and bones (bone density changes)
Ways to improve your overall health (5)
Follow Canada’s Food Guide; eat the recommended amount and type of food each day
Be active for 30-60 minutes every day
Walk whenever you can
Limit food and beverages high in calories, fats, sugar or salt
Read the label on food packages to compare nutritional content
- Can people with dietary restrictions follow Canada’s Food Guide? Why or why not?
-yes, can use as a general framework for healthy eating but would have to make modifications to accommodate their specific dietary needs
-for example: someone with gluten intolerance would have to choose gluten free grains instead of wheat products recommended in the guide
-does give guidance on balanced nutrition, but individuals would have to tailor their choices to meet their individual needs
- Name other food guides used by other cultures or countries.
-asian food guide
-vegan food guide
-nunavut food guide
-mediterranean food guide
- Identify some possible health issues that might arise from maintaining a healthy diet.
-nutrient deficiencies (because even health diet can lack certain nutrients such as vitamin D,
Iron or omega 3 fatty acids)
-Can lead to overconsumption of certain nutrients (excessive saturated fats or sodium can cause high blood pressure/obesity)
-Exercise is also necessary, not just diet
LAB assigment question:
Compare the current canadian food guide to old and which do you prefer
BMI formula
BMI = (weight in kg)/(height in m)^2
convert pounds to kg by
divide by 2.2
convert inches to cm by
multiplyby 2.54
100cm = __m
1m
Energy requirement formula
Energy Req = (energy factor)(weight)(time)
to convert kJ to kilocalories:
divide by 4.18
The unit of energy is Joules; however, food energy unit is
“calorie”.
is our fuel or energy.
Food
average daily requirements for cals around
2000 cal
One calorie is?
the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of 1 kg(or 1L) of water from 14.5 C to 15.5 C.
A ______ can measure the amount of energy
produced by a food.
calorimeter
what food component provides most energy
fats
is the amount of energy
required by the body to maintain itself awake, but
engaged in no physical activity.
BMR (basal metabolic rate)
Factors that affect BMR include:
(4)
body composition
age
gender
energy intake
A chemical produced in the _______ in the throat
regulates the body’s metabolic rate.
thyroid gland
refers to the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur within the body cells.
Metabolism
Energy from metabolism is converted into _____ energy
for the body.
heat
A low metabolic rate means that
only a little food
energy is converted into heat, less energy escapes from
the body, and excess food energy is converted into
stored fat.
A high metabolic rate results
in the opposite.
Energy input must _____ energy output.
balance or equal
Fat percentages lowers or rises in males and females as they age?
rise: , reaching 30% to 40%.
The recommended body fat content for males is less or more the females?
less
Excess body fat has been associated with:
cardiovascular disease,
diabetes, high blood pressure, cancer, arthritis, and other
diseases.
Adults of normal weight have a BMI of
a BMI of ___ indicates excess weight.
However, keep in mind that the BMI does not
distinguish between weight due to muscle and weight
due to fat.
18.5 to 24.9
27
Body fat percentages can be determined in several ways:
(3)
the caliper test – measures the thickness of skin at various body locations
underwater weighing techniques (hydrostatic weighing)
electrolipograph – measures the movement of electrical impulses
through body tissue
How much energy does a 68kg person use to walk at a
rate of about 3.2 km/h for 3 hours?
1836 kJ
To convert kJ to kilocalories, divide by 4.18
1836 / 4.18 = 439.2 Kilocalories= 439.2 Calories
After a workout, Erin consumes a sports drink that
contains 540 kJ of energy. How many kilocalories does the
drink contain?
129.19 kilocals
- a) Ms. Hunt plays badminton for 1.5 hours. How much
energy has she used up if she weighs 65 kg?
b) How many kilocalories (Calories) would this be
equivalent to?
a) 2096.25 kJ
b) 501.495 kilocals
- a) A skier with a mass of 50 kg cross-country skis for 2
hours. Calculate the total amount of energy used.
b) How long would you have to swim(crawl) to use the
same amount of energy as the competitive cross-country
skier?
a) 6200 kJ
b) 2.525 hrs
any substance that, when
added to food, becomes part of the food or
alters the characteristics of the
food.
food additive
Food additives are
often added to _______
the food or improve its
taste, allowing
consumers to enjoy a
variety of safe, tasty,
and convenient foods
year-round, without
having to shop daily
preserve
___________ food
additives do not contribute
to the nutritive value of
foods and are not foods
themselves.
Non-nutritive
For example, ______________ is a salt added to
cured meat and poultry
products as a preservative
agent. It is responsible for
the pink or red colour of
meats such as bacon and
hot dogs.
potassium nitrite
In Canada, food
additives are regulated
by the ____________ and may be
classified according to
use.
Food and Drugs
Act (FDA)
caffine causes changes
in the chemicals of the
brain, mainly in two
ways:
- It mimics adenosine, and binds to all the
adenosine receptors in your brain. This prevents the real adenosine from doing its job, which happens to be the slowing down of nerve impulses and the causing of drowsiness. So your brain becomes more alert - Caffeine also increases the levels of dopamine in your brain, which improves your feeling of well-being and improves your mood. It is this dopamine
effect that is the root of caffeine’s addictive
properties.
Withdrawal Symptoms
Can begin as soon as
12 hours after stopping
your intake. They are
at their worst after ________
24 –48 hours and can last
for up to a week.
Symptoms of withdrawal
include:
irritable
restless
muscle stiffness
difficulty concentrating
headaches, moderate to severe
chills and/or hot spells
Symptoms of caffeine
“overdose” include:
Jitteriness
difficulty sleeping
headaches
anxiety
flushed face
nausea
accelerated heartbeat
- In recent years, there seems to be an increase in
food allergies associated with additives in food
products. Should additives for appearances, be
banned? Example the colour in Fruit Loops.
Instead of an outright ban, it could be more beneficial to enhance labeling regulations to provide clearer information about additives, their potential health effects, and allergen risks. This empowers consumers to make informed choices based on their individual dietary needs and sensitivities. (need more study and evidence for the link to completely ban)
compare and contrast two diff FAD diets presented in class
4 Stages of Digestionat what happens at each step
1) Ingestion - involves the taking in of nutrients
2) Digestion - the breakdown of complex organic molecules into smaller components by enzymes
3) Absorption - the transport of digested material to the tissues of the body
4) Egestion - the removal of waste food from the body
2 Types of Digestion
Physical Digestion
Chemical Digestion
Physical Digestion (explain+process)
The mechanical breakdown of nutrients molecules
Ex. Chewing food with teeth
Chemical Digestion
(explain+process)
The chemical breakdown of nutrients
Ex. Enzyme amylase is secreted in saliva; it breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars
Digestion begins in the ______
Food is broken down into smaller pieces by the _____
mouth
teeth
_____:4 front teeth which cut food
_____:pointed teeth which tear food
_____:teeth at the back with flat surfaces for grinding
Incisors
Canines
Premolars and molars
______ moisten food to make it easier to swallow
Secretions
____ is secreted from the lining of the mouth
Mucus
______ is secreted from 3 pairs of salivary glands.
Saliva
Saliva contains the enzyme _________ which breaks down starch into shorter chains and maltose
salivary amylase
The _______ contains taste buds and pushes food around so it can be chewed
tongue
Once food is small enough to be swallowed, it is moved voluntarily to the back area of the mouth called the ______
pharynx
Involuntarily, the mouth closes, the _____ closes the upper pharynx
uvula
The _____ closes over the air passage and the food (_____) is moved into the esophagus
epiglottis
bolus
_____ carries food bolus from mouth to stomach
Esophagus
Hollow interior space of the esophagus is called the _____
lumen
The _____ is a layer of cells which line the lumen and secrete mucus to aid in the movement of the food
mucosa
what movement pushes food bolus along the esophagus
The wavelike constrictions
It is made up of _______ which relax and contract alternately
two layers of muscle
This rhythmic muscular action is called _______ it moves food through the entire digestive tract
peristalsis
Stomach:
Food bolus enters the stomach through an opening controlled by a muscle called the ________
cardiac sphincter
a J-shaped organ that can hold about 2 L of food
Stomach
Has a mucosa lining which secretes 3 types of substances:
- Mucus
- Enzymes
- Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and water
Mucus (which is mostly water), HCl, and enzymes combine to form _______
gastric juice
Gastric juice has a pH of ___
1.0
what helps breakdown the connective tissues and cell membranes in food; acid helps kill bacteria
Gastric juice
Stomach: Physical Digestion
how many muscles layers churn the food in the stomach to help breakdown it physically?
3
A ‘growling’ stomach is the result of
the churning of an empty stomach
Food is usually stored in stomach for __ hours and it is turned into a liquid called ____
4
chyme
Stomach: Chemical Digestion
Only chemical digestion of _____ occurs in the stomach
The acidic conditions in the stomach stops the digestion of _______
protein
carbohydrates
Enzymes called _______ breakdown proteins.
proteases
The main protease enzyme is ______
pepsin
Pepsin breaks protein down into _______
polypeptides
a lot of absorption occurs in stomach (T/F)
F (very little)
only certain medicines (Aspirin), and alcohol can pass through the stomach lining (T/F)
T
Stomach lining is protected by the ______ to prevent the gastric juices from attacking it
mucus
At the end of the stomach there is a second sphincter muscle called the _____ sphincter which controls the movement of the chyme into the small intestine
pyloric
How would the malfunctioning of the mouth or esophagus or stomach affect digestion?
-if you stop creating salvia, need it to start digestive process, makes food dry/harder to get there
-if your mouth stops working, probably eat liquid food/can’t mechanical break down food anymore
Gastric Bypass
-surgery that removes a big part of the stomach, and join it, no longer have as big stomach, not enough digestive/body doesn’t take up nutrients
What causes ‘heartburn’?
When gastric juices goes up your esophagus (cardiac sphincter not working)
What sometimes happen when you talk and eat at the same time?
The epiglottis is open so food goes into the trachea instead
Why might some people prefer drinking alcohol on a full stomach over an empty stomach?
Lead to alcohol poisoning, can move into your stomach easily
Small Intestine:
Measures __ metres long
6
Divided into 3 sections:
First 30 cm is called the duodenum
Next couple of metres is called the the jejunum
The last 3 metres is called the ileum
what is the Site of most chemical digestion and absorption of food molecules into the blood
Small Intestine
Many _____ are secreted into the duodenum section of the small intestines from the intestinal lining, the pancreas and the liver
enzymes
Pancreas -
Has two main functions:
produces hormones to regulate levels of blood glucose
produces pancreatic juice
Pancreatic juice secretes a ____ solution containing bicarbonate ions to neutralizes the acidic liquid from the stomach.
basic
A pH around__ is needed for the enzymes to work in the small intestines
8
Pancreatic juice contains many digestive enzymes which break down all
3 major components of food: carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
The _________ carries the pancreatic juices from the pancreas to the beginning of the small intestine
pancreatic duct
What would happen to digestion if the pancreas were removed?
Your body would not be able to produce proper enzymes that breaks down food
Liver -
Has many functions in the body
It produces a fluid called _____
bile
Bile contains bile salts which speed up
fat digestion
Bile is or is not a digestive enzyme
is not
Bile breaks down ___ into smaller pieces; this increases surface area for the ____ to work on; this is called fat emulsification
lipids
lipases
Bile is stored in the
gallbladder
Bile is secreted into the _______ via the common bile duct
duodenum
Other functions of the liver:
Manufactures blood protein from amino acids, which are found in the blood
Removes the highly toxic nitrogen group from amino acids, forming urea (the main component of urine)
Converts glucose into glycogen to glucose to maintain a constant blood sugar level
Converts harmful compounds, such as alcohol, to less harmful products
Stores vitamins A, B12 and D
Enzymes:
Most enzymes today have been named by starting with the substrate they attack and adding an ____ ending
“ase”
The ____ is a molecule on which an enzyme acts
substrate
End Products -
Summary of the end products of digestion for the 3 macromolecules:
Carbohydrates → Glucose
Proteins → Amino acids
Lipids → Fatty acids and glycerol
Controlling Enzyme Activity -
Secretion of digestive enzymes is regulated by both ____ and _____
nerves and hormones
A _____ is a chemical regulator that is secreted in one part of the body and transported by the bloodstream to another part, where it causes a response
hormone
Gastric glands lining the stomach are stimulated by nerve impulses and the hormone _____, which is produced by ________ (ductless) in the lower part of stomach and must be transported via bloodstream to the upper part of the stomach for it to stimulate the gastric glands
gastrin
endocrine glands
Gastrin release is stimulated by the presence of _____ in the stomach. Presence of gastrin stimulates the gastric glands to release mucin, pepsin, and HCl
protein
Ductless glands in the walls of the duodenum is stimulated by the presence of chyme in the duodenum to secrete the hormone _____ into the bloodstream
secretin
Secretin is carried to the pancreas via the bloodstream, which stimulates the release of _______ which raises the pH of the chyme from 2 to 8
alkaline fluid
Once the pH is at 8, the enzyme _____ can function efficiently
trypsin
a digestive hormone that is
Produced in exocrine glands (ducts) in the duodenum and is stimulated by the presence of fats in the duodenum
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
CCK is carried to the gallbladder where it stimulates the gallbladder to release bile into the common bile duct to be transported to the ________
small intestine
What would happen if the gallbladder were removed? (cholecystectomy)
Not huge impact on digestion, but body cannot store enough bile and therefore cannot digest fast (ability to digest fat is impacted, cut back on fat intake)Not huge impact on digestion, but body cannot store enough bile and therefore cannot digest fast (ability to digest fat is impacted, cut back on fat intake)
gland which releases secretion into bloodstream or organ
Endocrine gland -
gland which secretion into ducts
Exocrine gland -
What does it mean to be lactose intolerant?
Body does not have lactase/produce enough of the enzyme that breaks down lactose
- What causes gallstones?
Access amounts of fatty foods
- What dietary changes must a person make if they had their gallbladder removed?
Intake less fat, or eat foods that are easily digestible
Absorption in the Small Intestine -
The lining of the small intestine is made up of tiny finger-like tubes called ____ which greatly increase the surface area for absorption
villi
The cells that make up the lining of each villus have _____, which are fine thread-like extensions that further increase the surface area for absorption
microvilli
Each villus is lined with a capillary network which intertwines with lymph vessels called ______
lacteals
The capillaries merge to form the ______ vein, which carries blood to the liver, then to other blood vessels that carry the food molecules to our body cells
hepatic portal
Fat molecules (triglycerides) are absorbed into the _____ and transported by the lymphatic system to the thoracic duct where it enters the bloodstream (it bypasses the liver)
lacteals
Glucose content of blood must be within a certain range; the liver removes excess _____ from the blood and stores it as glycogen
glucose
When glucose content in the blood begins to fall, the liver converts the _____ back to glucose
glycogen
The liver also removes ____ from the blood
amino acids
___ is Also called the colon
Large intestine
large intestine is Divided into sections:
-Ascending
-Transverse
-Descending
Waste material moves into the large intestine through the ______
ileocecal valve
The _______ is the area of the large intestine that receives material from the small intestine
caecum
______ is attached to the caecum
Appendix
Appendix function is uncertain; probably plays a role in the lymphatic system and stores _____
good gut bacteria
does digestion occurs in the large intestine?
no
Its main function is to absorb water, salts, minerals and vitamins
Large Intestine
Bacteria such as _____ are found in the large intestine, they use waste materials to make vitamin B and K
E-coli
_____ is controlled by two anal sphincters and usually occurs once or twice a day in humans
Defecation
Non-digested material is compacted and dried and is called _____
feces
The colon walls contract to move the feces toward the _____ where it is stored and later released via the ___
rectum
anus
Appendectomy
Removal
of the
appendix
Diseases of the Digestive System-
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease): _____
heartburn
Crohn’s disease:
a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes the digestive tract to become swollen and inflamed (pain, malnutrition)
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
: A group of symptoms like abdominal pain & bowel movement changes without evidence of disease in the digestive tract
Why do you think fibre in your diet is important to your digestive system?
-fibre makes stool softer, if you do not have enough you would get dry/hard feces
- When you get food poisoning, why do you think vomiting/diarrhea is beneficial/harmful to your body?
-it helps to remove toxic components
-also harmful beaue when you expel large amount of food/waste, rapidly dehydrated
