Biotechnology (Unit 5) Flashcards
______ had flourished since prehistoric times – since human beings started planting their own crops, breeding their own animals, fermenting fruit juices into wine and converting milk into cheese and yogurt.
Biotechnology
It’s technology based on ______!
biology
_______ refers to the use of living organisms or their products(biological systems, cells) to advance technology to and apply this technology to various fields.
Biotechnology
Biotechnology can be divided into 4 main groups:
- Medical
- Agricultural
3.Environmental - Industrial
Use of living cells or living material to improve human health
Medical Biotechnology
Medical Biotechnology
____ or ____ disease
Cure or prevent disease
Medical biotech Involves the manipulation of _____ to get a beneficial result
DNA (genes)
Examples of medical biotechnology
Vaccines- killed or portion of pathogen is injected to elicit a immune response.
Antibiotics- many plants are grown and genetically engineered to produce antibodies for pathogens affecting humans(more cost-effective)
Focuses on improving plants ability to grow better and healthier when exposed to harsh weather or pests.
Agricultural Biotechnology
These genetically modified crops will increase ______
crop yield
Examples of Agricultural Biotechnology
Pest Resistant crops
Gene for Bt protein is transferred into corn, which stops the pests from destroying it
Plant and Animal Breeding
Selective breeding of animals/plants with desired traits.
Used in waste treatment and pollution prevention
Environmental Biotechnology
Example of bacteria thriving on the chemical components of waste products- ________
Bioremediation
Some _____ thrive on the chemical components of waste products
bacteria
Applied in industries such as pulp and paper, chemical manufacturing and textiles
Industrial Biotechnology
Industrial Biotechnology Can use ______ or _______ to make products such as detergents, biofuels, chemicals
microorganisms or enzymes
Applications of Biotechnology:
Nutrient Supplements
Ex. Golden Rice infused with beta-carotene.
Abiotic Stress Resistance
Crops can grow better in harsher climates, hot, cold, drought
Consumer products
Beer, wine, washing detergents, personal care products
Strength Fibres
Genes from spiders infused in goats, then goats milk contains silk which is super strong!
Biofuels
Using corn to produce combustible fuel for running car engines
Hi-Tech Finishing Fabrics
Biotech-derived cotton is warmer, stronger, wrinkle and shrink-resistant
Detergent Proteases
Breaks down proteins and starch and fatty acids to product a byproduct of organic fertilizer
May lead to new, better or cheaper drugs.
Pharming
Where plants or animals are genetically engineered to product proteins that can be used in pharmaceuticals.
Pharming
How does the public perceive biotechnology?
Biotechnology presents enormous potential for all of the above areas; however, the implementation of the new techniques will be dependent upon their acceptance by consumers (a.k.a. the public).
Perception
Public perception will have a major influence on the rate and direction of developments and there is a growing concern about genetically modified products. Associated with genetic manipulation are diverse questions of safety, ethics and welfare.
- GMO atlantic salmon has been given approval for sale. Agree or Disagree with this action?
Agree: Environmental benefits (designed to grow faster, which can reduce the pressure on wild fish populations and help preserve marine ecosystems), Economic advantages (faster growing salmon reduce costs for fish farmers, health protein source accessible), Nutritional value (GMO salmon is nutritionally equivalent to non-GMO)
Disagree: Environmental concern (disrupt wildlife and ecosystems), ethical considerations and without proper labeling consumers are unaware if they are buying GMOs
- Identify some of the biotechnological applications that is present in your daily life.
-Medicine like vaccines and antibiotics
-Food such as the vegetables we eat are most likely GMO ex watermelon without seeds or larger bananas
- Should GMO foods be labelled at the grocery store?
-Yes, provides transparency, allowing consumers to make informed choices based on their personal and health/environmental concerns
-Builds trust
Biotechnology in Medicine: Use to make ____, ____ and _____
antibiotics, vaccines and drugs
Used to determine genetic origins of disease through:
gene therapy
Early applications of modern Biotechnology
The revolution began with the advent of biologically produced antibiotics and the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1929.
Discovery of Antibiotics was by
Alexander Flemming
A ____ is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease.
vaccine
Fleming observed that cultures of Staphylococcus aureus were:
killed when accidentally contaminated with the fungus Penicillium notatum.
how vaccines work in body
Agent stimulates the body’s immune system to recognize the agent as foreign, destroy it, and “remember” it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters.
A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a ________, and is often made from _______ forms of the microbe.
disease-causing microorganism
weakened or killed
_____ are among the most frequently prescribed medications in modern medicine.
Antibiotics
Today, over 100 different antibiotics are available to doctors to cure:
minor discomforts as well as life-threatening infections.
Principles that govern the immune response are now being used in tailor-made vaccines against many noninfectious human diseases such as _________
cancers and autoimmune disorders
for example
the experimental vaccine CYT006-AngQb has been investigated as a possible treatment for high blood pressure.
Some examples include:
Penicillins (strep throat, UTI’s, pneumonia, etc.), Tetracyclines (STD’s, acne) and Polypeptides (Neosporin and Polysporin topical ointments
More Recent Applications of Biotechnology:
Gene Therapy…
technique which uses genes to treat or prevent a disease. for correcting. In most gene therapy studies, a “normal” gene is inserted into the genome to replace an “abnormal,” disease-causing gene.
In gene therapy A carrier molecule called a _____ must be used to deliver the therapeutic gene to the patient’s target cells.
vector
Currently, the most common vector is a ___ that has been genetically altered to carry normal human DNA.
virus
CRISPR is Used to remove
defective genes causing diseases
is a type of gene-editing technology that lets scientists more rapidly and accurately ‘cut’ and ‘paste’ genes into DNA.
CRISPR
Also to destroy:
drug resistant superbugs
Gene therapy-future:
There is hope that in the future, gene therapy can be used to cure or prevent chromosomal abnormalities such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia and hemophilia as well as infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and HCV (Hepatitis C Virus).
Cells which have the ability to reproduce by mitosis and differentiate into a diverse range of specialized cell types.
Stem cell therapy
adult stem cell therapy
Ex:
bone marrow transplant to treat leukemia.
Stem cell Research
In the future, medical researchers anticipate being able to use technologies derived from stem cell research to treat a wider variety of diseases including cancer, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injuries, multiple sclerosis, and muscle damage, amongst a number of other impairments and conditions.
Two types of stem cells are:
embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells
Important to study stem cells to:
understand how diseases occur and to be able to replace defective cells with healthy cells
refers to organisms whose genetic material (DNA) has been altered by genetic engineering techniques.
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s)
_____ organism is an organisms which contain genes from a different species
Transgenic
Current applications of biotechnology
Pharmacogenomics
Xenotransplantation
Edible vaccines
Recombinant Insulin
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Tissue engineering
Ex. of transgenic
GloFish have genes added in from sea anemones
It can be applied in diseases such as:
cancer, depression, HIV, asthma, etc.
transplantation of non-human cells, tissues or organs into humans
xenotransplantation
the study of how genes affect a person’s response to drugs
Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics has led to the production of drugs that are:
best suited to an individual’s genetic makeup.
Possible applications of xenotransplantation-
skin grafts for burn victims, bone transplants for limb reconstruction,
cellular xenotransplants may provide treatment for diseases like
diabetes, Alzheimer’s or Pakinson’s diseases
Transgenic banana and tomato can cure diseases such as:
cholera and hepatitis B.
Antigenic proteins from several pathogens can be expressed in plants such as:
tomato and banana.
Recombinant Insulin
The specific gene sequence that codes for human insulin were introduced in E.coli bacteria. The gene sequence altered the genetic composition of the E.coli cells. Within 24 hours several E.coli bacteria containing the recombinant human insulin gene were produced. The recombinant human insulin was isolated from E.coli cells
The transgenic plants can produce antigens that can be used as _______
edible vaccines.
Technique used to detect a pathogen at the molecular level.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
PCR can detect pathogens at very low ______
concentrations
Used in suspected ______ patients or mutated genes in cancer patients
AIDS or HIV
PCR testing for
COVID 19
the use of a combination of cells, engineering, and materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to improve or replace biological tissues.
Tissue engineering
Tissue engineering involves the use of a tissue _____ for the formation of new _____ for a medical purpose.
scaffold
viable tissue
Ex of tissue engineering:
artificial bladder
What impact may the current biotechnological applications have on a person’s life?
-improved health
enhanced food security
-environmental protection
-convenience and efficiency
What are some concerns and benefits of xenotransplantation?
-Concerns: Immune rejection (your immune system might reject the transplanted organ leading to complications and failure), Disease transmission
-Benefits: Helps organ shortage,Medical advancements
Should their be more funding for gene therapy and stem cell research? Why or why not?
-YES: Potential for cures, advancements in medicine, economic benefits global health impact
Research BioBag- Artificial Womb. What impact might it have on neonatal care in the future?
-Is designed to mimic the conditions of a mothers uterus, providing a controlled environment for premature babies to develop more naturally then in incubator
-Improved survival rates, reduced compilations, in future less money and people working for neonatal care
An individual’s entire DNA sequence is known as its “genome”. The word “genome” is a synthesis of the words “gene” and “chromosome”
Genome
About ___ of the human genome is made up of genes, the functional units of DNA that contain the instructions to produce proteins.
2%
The rest of the genome may regulate where, when and in what quantity proteins are made (known as ________, to control when a gene is “switched on” to produce a protein, for example).
gene expression
An individual’s genome is encoded within structures known as ________.
chromosomes
____ of each pair of chromosomes is inherited from each parent
One
Humans have ___ pairs of chromosomes, which reside in the nucleus of almost every cell of the body.
23
this is how variations in DNA sequence are passed from:
generation to generation
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid):
_______ bare very large molecules that have two main parts
Nucleic Acids
_______ that attach to the sugar groups in the backbone
nitrogenous bases
the backbone made of alternating ____ and ____ molecules bonded together in a long chain
sugar and phosphate
Chargaff discoveries were important pieces of information that helped solve the mystery about the structure of ____
DNA
________ located a substance within a cells nucleus that he thought may contain genetic material
Friedrich Miescher
______ analyzed data obtained from chemical analyses of DNA from may organisms
Erwin Chargaff
_______ and ______ used Franklin’s and Chargaff’s work to build their famous model of the double-helix structure of DNA
James Watson and Francis Crick
purine examples (double ring)
G and A
_______ produced the revealing X-ray diffraction pattern than later helped deduce the helical structure of DNA
Rosalind Franklin
The amounts of ____ and _____ in a given molecule of DNA will be approximately equal.
purines and pyrimidines
Chargaff’s Rule
Adenine must pair with Thymine
Cytosine must pair with Guanine
pyrimidines examples (single ring)
T and C
_____ and ____ proposed that DNA was made of 2 long strands of nucleotides arranged in a specific way called the ‘______’.
Watson and Crick
Complimentary Rule
ANALOGY:
The DNA Double Helix is like a _____
ladder
The rungs of the ladder are composed of
nitrogenous bases (A,T,G or C)
The legs of the ladder are made up of the:
phosphate and sugar backbone
Although the nucleotides that make up DNA are the same in all organisms, different arrangements of nucleotides in a nucleic acid (DNA) provide:
the key to diversity among living organisms
This means, DNA from one organism can be added to a different organism resulting in ‘________’ technology – this is where the creation of ‘biotechnology’ originated.
recombinant DNA
_____ is a single stranded nucleic acid
RNA
RNA contains the sugar:
ribose
RNA contains base _____ instead of thymine(T) which forms a complementary pair with adenine
uracil (U)
4 bases in RNA are:
cystosine, guanine, adenine, and uracil
______, messenger RNA, carries the blueprint for a particular protein out of the nucleus to a specific site on a ribosome
mRNA
____, transfer RNA, found in the cytoplasm attaches to a free amino acid and carries it to a ribosome where the protein is formed
tRNA
It changes how genes are expressed.
Epigenetics
_____ is an emerging field of science that studies heritable changes caused by the activation and deactivation of genes without any change in the underlying DNA sequence of the organism
Epigenetics
Changes to mothers _____ are passed to fetus and the reproductive cells of the fetus.
epigenetics
Your behavior and environment such as ____ and ____ can affect epigenetics changes.
diet and exercise
Since many diseases/disorders can be detected in your DNA before you are aware you have it, should insurance companies, employers have access to this information?
-Privacy and consent (genetic information is highly personal and sensitive. Individuals have the right to privacy and control over who has access o their genetic info)
-Discrimination (insurance companies would charge more, risk of genetic discrimination or they would deny to cover)
-Potential benefits (for escape insurers could design personalized health plan and preventive measures based on their genetic profile)
Ex. of epigenetics
Stress of famine in mother is experience by fetus as well. Babies born tend to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and are in poorer health
Protein Synthesis
Process is divided into
two steps:
- transcription
- translation
Is the process of
transferring the gene’s
DNA into RNA
Transcription
Begins in the cell’s
nucleus
Transcription
Enzyme________ initiates the
DNA molecule to
unwind and “unzip”
RNA polymerase
The exposed bases of
one strand match up
with RNA molecules to
form a RNA strand
called:
mRNA
(messenger RNA)
DNA and RNA are both
made up of chains of
__________
nucleotides
RNA substitutes
______ for thymine(T)
uracil(U)
DNA is ______ stranded
double
RNA is ______-stranded
single
DNA contains the sugar _______
deoxyribose
RNA contains the sugar
_______
ribose
Once the mRNA strand
is copied, it moves out
of the _____ through
the endoplasmic
reticulum into the
______ and carried to
the ribosomes for next
step
nucleus
cytoplasm
Is the interaction of
mRNA, tRNA, and the
ribosomes to form a
protein
Translation
Ribosomes read the
mRNA sequence from
the __ end to the ___ end
5’ end to the 3’
The mRNA is read by
tRNA (transfer RNA) ___
nucleotides at a time
3
The set of 3 nucleotides
on the mRNA make up a
______
codon
the tRNA has an amino
acid attached at one end
and 3 nucleotides called
an _______
anticodon
the mRNA codon is
matched with the
complementary
anticodon on the _____
tRNA
as each set is read, the
amino acids on the
tRNA join together
through _________ to
form a protein
peptide bonds
Note: ribosomes binds
to the mRNa at the start
codon (_____) to begin
reading and stops
reading when it reaches
a stop codon (____,_____,_____)
AUG
UAG,UAA, UGA
Each mRNA codon
codes for a particular
____ _____
amino acid
Scientists can use the
_______________ to
write the amino acid
sequence of a particular
protein
Genetic Code Chart
there are ___ possible
codons .
64
3 are ‘________’ which
terminates the polypeptide
chain.
stop codons
There are ___ amino acids,
and 61 codons. Most of
the amino acids are
represented by more than
one codon.
20
The genetic code is said
to be ______.
degenerate
The human genome project Begun in ____, and completed in _____, the
1990
2003
Human Genome Project (HGP) was a 13-year project coordinated by the_______ and the ________.
U.S. Department of Energy
National Institutes of Health
During the early years of the HGP, the _______ became a major partner; additional contributions came from Japan, France, Germany, China, and others.
Wellcome Trust (U.K.)
Project Goals
identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA,
determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA,
store this information in databases,
improve tools for data analysis,
transfer related technologies to the private sector, and
address the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from the project.
Benefits of the Human Genome Project:
1)
Molecular medicine:
Improved diagnosis of disease
Earlier detection of genetic predispositions to disease
Rational drug design
Gene therapy and control systems for drugs
Pharmacogenomics “custom drugs”
2)
Energy sources and environmental applications:
Use microbial genomics research to create new energy sources (biofuels)
Use microbial genomics research to develop environmental monitoring techniques to detect pollutants
Use microbial genomics research for safe, efficient environmental remediation
3)
Risk assessment:
Assess health damage and risks caused by radiation exposure, including low-dose exposures
Assess health damage and risks caused by exposure to mutagenic chemicals and cancer-causing toxins
Reduce the likelihood of heritable mutations
4)
DNA forensics (identification):
Identify potential suspects whose DNA may match evidence left at crime scenes
Exonerate persons wrongly accused of crimes
Identify crime and catastrophe victims
Establish paternity and other family relationships
Identify endangered and protected species as an aid to wildlife officials (could be used for prosecuting poachers)
Match organ donors with recipients in transplant programs
Determine pedigree for seed or livestock breeds
5)
Agriculture, livestock breeding, and bioprocessing:
Disease-, insect-, and drought-resistant crops
Healthier, more productive, disease-resistant farm animals
More nutritious produce
Biopesticides
Edible vaccines incorporated into food products
New environmental cleanup uses for plants like tobacco
Societal Concerns Arising from the HGP
1)
Fairness in the use of genetic information by insurers, employers, courts, schools, adoption agencies, and the military, among others.
2)
Privacy and confidentiality of genetic information.
3)
Psychological impact and stigmatization due to an individual’s genetic differences.
4)
Reproductive issues including adequate informed consent for complex and potentially controversial procedures, use of genetic information in reproductive decision-making and reproductive rights.
5)
Clinical issues including the education of doctors and other health service providers, patients, and the general public in genetic capabilities, scientific limitations, and social risks; and implementation of standards and quality-control measures in testing procedures.
6)
Uncertainties associated with gene tests for susceptibilities and complex conditions (e.g., heart disease) linked to multiple genes and gene-environment interactions.
7)
Conceptual and philosophical implications regarding human responsibility, free will vs. genetic determinism, and concepts of health and disease.
8)
Health and environmental issues concerning genetically modified foods (GM) and microbes.
9)
Commercialization of products including property rights (patents, copyrights, and trade secrets) and accessibility of data and materials.
______ is the study of how DNA is “played” and the
subsequent results.
Epigenetics
To study epigenetics, scientists use ______
model systems.
Model systems could be as
simple as a _____ of cells or as complex as an animal.
Petri dish
Scientists choose the
_____ possible model study in order to answer their questions.
lowest
For example, scientists have studied ____, ___ and even _____ to understand the mechanisms of epigenetics.
bacteria, mice and even humans
One such model are _______. ______ are studied because the DNA of ______ is, as the word indicates, identical.
identical twins
Why are identical twins different if their DNA is identical?
Scientists, suspecting _____, set out to find the answer to this question.
epigenetics
