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Medtech 12 > Biotechnology (Unit 5) > Flashcards

Biotechnology (Unit 5) Flashcards

1
Q

______ had flourished since prehistoric times – since human beings started planting their own crops, breeding their own animals, fermenting fruit juices into wine and converting milk into cheese and yogurt.

A

Biotechnology

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2
Q

It’s technology based on ______!

A

biology

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2
Q

_______ refers to the use of living organisms or their products(biological systems, cells) to advance technology to and apply this technology to various fields.

A

Biotechnology

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3
Q

Biotechnology can be divided into 4 main groups:

A
  1. Medical
  2. Agricultural
    3.Environmental
  3. Industrial
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3
Q

Use of living cells or living material to improve human health

A

Medical Biotechnology

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3
Q

Medical Biotechnology
____ or ____ disease

A

Cure or prevent disease

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4
Q

Medical biotech Involves the manipulation of _____ to get a beneficial result

A

DNA (genes)

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4
Q

Examples of medical biotechnology

A

Vaccines- killed or portion of pathogen is injected to elicit a immune response.

Antibiotics- many plants are grown and genetically engineered to produce antibodies for pathogens affecting humans(more cost-effective)

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5
Q

Focuses on improving plants ability to grow better and healthier when exposed to harsh weather or pests.

A

Agricultural Biotechnology

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5
Q

These genetically modified crops will increase ______

A

crop yield

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6
Q

Examples of Agricultural Biotechnology

A

Pest Resistant crops
Gene for Bt protein is transferred into corn, which stops the pests from destroying it
Plant and Animal Breeding
Selective breeding of animals/plants with desired traits.

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7
Q

Used in waste treatment and pollution prevention

A

Environmental Biotechnology

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8
Q

Example of bacteria thriving on the chemical components of waste products- ________

A

Bioremediation

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8
Q

Some _____ thrive on the chemical components of waste products

A

bacteria

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9
Q

Applied in industries such as pulp and paper, chemical manufacturing and textiles

A

Industrial Biotechnology

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10
Q

Industrial Biotechnology Can use ______ or _______ to make products such as detergents, biofuels, chemicals

A

microorganisms or enzymes

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11
Q

Applications of Biotechnology:

A

Nutrient Supplements
Ex. Golden Rice infused with beta-carotene.

Abiotic Stress Resistance
Crops can grow better in harsher climates, hot, cold, drought

Consumer products
Beer, wine, washing detergents, personal care products

Strength Fibres
Genes from spiders infused in goats, then goats milk contains silk which is super strong!

Biofuels
Using corn to produce combustible fuel for running car engines

Hi-Tech Finishing Fabrics
Biotech-derived cotton is warmer, stronger, wrinkle and shrink-resistant
Detergent Proteases
Breaks down proteins and starch and fatty acids to product a byproduct of organic fertilizer

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11
Q

May lead to new, better or cheaper drugs.

A

Pharming

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11
Q

Where plants or animals are genetically engineered to product proteins that can be used in pharmaceuticals.

A

Pharming

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12
Q

How does the public perceive biotechnology?

A

Biotechnology presents enormous potential for all of the above areas; however, the implementation of the new techniques will be dependent upon their acceptance by consumers (a.k.a. the public).

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12
Q

Perception

A

Public perception will have a major influence on the rate and direction of developments and there is a growing concern about genetically modified products. Associated with genetic manipulation are diverse questions of safety, ethics and welfare.

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13
Q
  1. GMO atlantic salmon has been given approval for sale. Agree or Disagree with this action?
A

Agree: Environmental benefits (designed to grow faster, which can reduce the pressure on wild fish populations and help preserve marine ecosystems), Economic advantages (faster growing salmon reduce costs for fish farmers, health protein source accessible), Nutritional value (GMO salmon is nutritionally equivalent to non-GMO)

Disagree: Environmental concern (disrupt wildlife and ecosystems), ethical considerations and without proper labeling consumers are unaware if they are buying GMOs

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14
Q
  1. Identify some of the biotechnological applications that is present in your daily life.
A

-Medicine like vaccines and antibiotics

-Food such as the vegetables we eat are most likely GMO ex watermelon without seeds or larger bananas

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14
Q
  1. Should GMO foods be labelled at the grocery store?
A

-Yes, provides transparency, allowing consumers to make informed choices based on their personal and health/environmental concerns

-Builds trust

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15
Q

Biotechnology in Medicine: Use to make ____, ____ and _____

A

antibiotics, vaccines and drugs

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16
Q

Used to determine genetic origins of disease through:

A

gene therapy

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16
Q

Early applications of modern Biotechnology

A

The revolution began with the advent of biologically produced antibiotics and the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1929.

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17
Q

Discovery of Antibiotics was by

A

Alexander Flemming

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18
Q

A ____ is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease.

A

vaccine

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18
Q

Fleming observed that cultures of Staphylococcus aureus were:

A

killed when accidentally contaminated with the fungus Penicillium notatum.

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18
Q

how vaccines work in body

A

Agent stimulates the body’s immune system to recognize the agent as foreign, destroy it, and “remember” it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters.

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18
Q

A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a ________, and is often made from _______ forms of the microbe.

A

disease-causing microorganism
weakened or killed

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18
Q

_____ are among the most frequently prescribed medications in modern medicine.

A

Antibiotics

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19
Q

Today, over 100 different antibiotics are available to doctors to cure:

A

minor discomforts as well as life-threatening infections.

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19
Q

Principles that govern the immune response are now being used in tailor-made vaccines against many noninfectious human diseases such as _________

A

cancers and autoimmune disorders

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19
Q

for example

A

the experimental vaccine CYT006-AngQb has been investigated as a possible treatment for high blood pressure.

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20
Q

Some examples include:

A

Penicillins (strep throat, UTI’s, pneumonia, etc.), Tetracyclines (STD’s, acne) and Polypeptides (Neosporin and Polysporin topical ointments

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21
Q

More Recent Applications of Biotechnology:

Gene Therapy…

A

technique which uses genes to treat or prevent a disease. for correcting. In most gene therapy studies, a “normal” gene is inserted into the genome to replace an “abnormal,” disease-causing gene.

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22
Q

In gene therapy A carrier molecule called a _____ must be used to deliver the therapeutic gene to the patient’s target cells.

A

vector

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23
Q

Currently, the most common vector is a ___ that has been genetically altered to carry normal human DNA.

A

virus

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24
Q

CRISPR is Used to remove

A

defective genes causing diseases

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24
Q

is a type of gene-editing technology that lets scientists more rapidly and accurately ‘cut’ and ‘paste’ genes into DNA.

A

CRISPR

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25
Q

Also to destroy:

A

drug resistant superbugs

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26
Q

Gene therapy-future:

A

There is hope that in the future, gene therapy can be used to cure or prevent chromosomal abnormalities such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia and hemophilia as well as infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and HCV (Hepatitis C Virus).

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26
Q

Cells which have the ability to reproduce by mitosis and differentiate into a diverse range of specialized cell types.

A

Stem cell therapy

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27
Q

adult stem cell therapy
Ex:

A

bone marrow transplant to treat leukemia.

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27
Q

Stem cell Research

A

In the future, medical researchers anticipate being able to use technologies derived from stem cell research to treat a wider variety of diseases including cancer, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injuries, multiple sclerosis, and muscle damage, amongst a number of other impairments and conditions.

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28
Q

Two types of stem cells are:

A

embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells

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28
Q

Important to study stem cells to:

A

understand how diseases occur and to be able to replace defective cells with healthy cells

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28
Q

refers to organisms whose genetic material (DNA) has been altered by genetic engineering techniques.

A

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s)

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29
Q

_____ organism is an organisms which contain genes from a different species

A

Transgenic

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30
Q

Current applications of biotechnology

A

Pharmacogenomics

Xenotransplantation

Edible vaccines

Recombinant Insulin

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Tissue engineering

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31
Q

Ex. of transgenic

A

GloFish have genes added in from sea anemones

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32
Q

It can be applied in diseases such as:

A

cancer, depression, HIV, asthma, etc.

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32
Q

transplantation of non-human cells, tissues or organs into humans

A

xenotransplantation

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32
Q

the study of how genes affect a person’s response to drugs

A

Pharmacogenomics

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32
Q

Pharmacogenomics has led to the production of drugs that are:

A

best suited to an individual’s genetic makeup.

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33
Q

Possible applications of xenotransplantation-

A

skin grafts for burn victims, bone transplants for limb reconstruction,

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34
Q

cellular xenotransplants may provide treatment for diseases like

A

diabetes, Alzheimer’s or Pakinson’s diseases

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35
Q

Transgenic banana and tomato can cure diseases such as:

A

cholera and hepatitis B.

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35
Q

Antigenic proteins from several pathogens can be expressed in plants such as:

A

tomato and banana.

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36
Q

Recombinant Insulin

A

The specific gene sequence that codes for human insulin were introduced in E.coli bacteria. The gene sequence altered the genetic composition of the E.coli cells. Within 24 hours several E.coli bacteria containing the recombinant human insulin gene were produced. The recombinant human insulin was isolated from E.coli cells

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36
Q

The transgenic plants can produce antigens that can be used as _______

A

edible vaccines.

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37
Q

Technique used to detect a pathogen at the molecular level.

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

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38
Q

PCR can detect pathogens at very low ______

A

concentrations

39
Q

Used in suspected ______ patients or mutated genes in cancer patients

A

AIDS or HIV

40
Q

PCR testing for

A

COVID 19

41
Q

the use of a combination of cells, engineering, and materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to improve or replace biological tissues.

A

Tissue engineering

41
Q

Tissue engineering involves the use of a tissue _____ for the formation of new _____ for a medical purpose.

A

scaffold
viable tissue

42
Q

Ex of tissue engineering:

A

artificial bladder

42
Q

What impact may the current biotechnological applications have on a person’s life?

A

-improved health
enhanced food security
-environmental protection
-convenience and efficiency

43
Q

What are some concerns and benefits of xenotransplantation?

A

-Concerns: Immune rejection (your immune system might reject the transplanted organ leading to complications and failure), Disease transmission

-Benefits: Helps organ shortage,Medical advancements

43
Q

Should their be more funding for gene therapy and stem cell research? Why or why not?

A

-YES: Potential for cures, advancements in medicine, economic benefits global health impact

44
Q

Research BioBag- Artificial Womb. What impact might it have on neonatal care in the future?

A

-Is designed to mimic the conditions of a mothers uterus, providing a controlled environment for premature babies to develop more naturally then in incubator
-Improved survival rates, reduced compilations, in future less money and people working for neonatal care

45
Q

An individual’s entire DNA sequence is known as its “genome”. The word “genome” is a synthesis of the words “gene” and “chromosome”

A

Genome

46
Q

About ___ of the human genome is made up of genes, the functional units of DNA that contain the instructions to produce proteins.

A

2%

47
Q

The rest of the genome may regulate where, when and in what quantity proteins are made (known as ________, to control when a gene is “switched on” to produce a protein, for example).

A

gene expression

48
Q

An individual’s genome is encoded within structures known as ________.

A

chromosomes

48
Q

____ of each pair of chromosomes is inherited from each parent

A

One

49
Q

Humans have ___ pairs of chromosomes, which reside in the nucleus of almost every cell of the body.

A

23

50
Q

this is how variations in DNA sequence are passed from:

A

generation to generation

51
Q

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid):
_______ bare very large molecules that have two main parts

A

Nucleic Acids

52
Q

_______ that attach to the sugar groups in the backbone

A

nitrogenous bases

52
Q

the backbone made of alternating ____ and ____ molecules bonded together in a long chain

A

sugar and phosphate

52
Q

Chargaff discoveries were important pieces of information that helped solve the mystery about the structure of ____

A

DNA

52
Q

________ located a substance within a cells nucleus that he thought may contain genetic material

A

Friedrich Miescher

52
Q

______ analyzed data obtained from chemical analyses of DNA from may organisms

A

Erwin Chargaff

52
Q

_______ and ______ used Franklin’s and Chargaff’s work to build their famous model of the double-helix structure of DNA

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

52
Q

purine examples (double ring)

A

G and A

52
Q

_______ produced the revealing X-ray diffraction pattern than later helped deduce the helical structure of DNA

A

Rosalind Franklin

52
Q

The amounts of ____ and _____ in a given molecule of DNA will be approximately equal.

A

purines and pyrimidines

52
Q

Chargaff’s Rule

A

Adenine must pair with Thymine
Cytosine must pair with Guanine

53
Q

pyrimidines examples (single ring)

A

T and C

54
Q

_____ and ____ proposed that DNA was made of 2 long strands of nucleotides arranged in a specific way called the ‘______’.

A

Watson and Crick
Complimentary Rule

55
Q

ANALOGY:
The DNA Double Helix is like a _____

A

ladder

56
Q

The rungs of the ladder are composed of

A

nitrogenous bases (A,T,G or C)

56
Q

The legs of the ladder are made up of the:

A

phosphate and sugar backbone

57
Q

Although the nucleotides that make up DNA are the same in all organisms, different arrangements of nucleotides in a nucleic acid (DNA) provide:

A

the key to diversity among living organisms

58
Q

This means, DNA from one organism can be added to a different organism resulting in ‘________’ technology – this is where the creation of ‘biotechnology’ originated.

A

recombinant DNA

59
Q

_____ is a single stranded nucleic acid

A

RNA

60
Q

RNA contains the sugar:

A

ribose

61
Q

RNA contains base _____ instead of thymine(T) which forms a complementary pair with adenine

A

uracil (U)

62
Q

4 bases in RNA are:

A

cystosine, guanine, adenine, and uracil

63
Q

______, messenger RNA, carries the blueprint for a particular protein out of the nucleus to a specific site on a ribosome

A

mRNA

64
Q

____, transfer RNA, found in the cytoplasm attaches to a free amino acid and carries it to a ribosome where the protein is formed

A

tRNA

65
Q

It changes how genes are expressed.

A

Epigenetics

65
Q

_____ is an emerging field of science that studies heritable changes caused by the activation and deactivation of genes without any change in the underlying DNA sequence of the organism

A

Epigenetics

65
Q

Changes to mothers _____ are passed to fetus and the reproductive cells of the fetus.

A

epigenetics

65
Q

Your behavior and environment such as ____ and ____ can affect epigenetics changes.

A

diet and exercise

65
Q

Since many diseases/disorders can be detected in your DNA before you are aware you have it, should insurance companies, employers have access to this information?

A

-Privacy and consent (genetic information is highly personal and sensitive. Individuals have the right to privacy and control over who has access o their genetic info)

-Discrimination (insurance companies would charge more, risk of genetic discrimination or they would deny to cover)

-Potential benefits (for escape insurers could design personalized health plan and preventive measures based on their genetic profile)

65
Q

Ex. of epigenetics

A

Stress of famine in mother is experience by fetus as well. Babies born tend to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and are in poorer health

65
Q

Protein Synthesis

Process is divided into
two steps:

A
  1. transcription
  2. translation
65
Q

Is the process of
transferring the gene’s
DNA into RNA

A

Transcription

65
Q

Begins in the cell’s
nucleus

A

Transcription

65
Q

Enzyme________ initiates the
DNA molecule to
unwind and “unzip”

A

RNA polymerase

65
Q

The exposed bases of
one strand match up
with RNA molecules to
form a RNA strand
called:

A

mRNA
(messenger RNA)

65
Q

DNA and RNA are both
made up of chains of
__________

A

nucleotides

65
Q

RNA substitutes
______ for thymine(T)

A

uracil(U)

65
Q

DNA is ______ stranded

A

double

66
Q

RNA is ______-stranded

A

single

66
Q

DNA contains the sugar _______

A

deoxyribose

66
Q

RNA contains the sugar
_______

A

ribose

67
Q

Once the mRNA strand
is copied, it moves out
of the _____ through
the endoplasmic
reticulum into the
______ and carried to
the ribosomes for next
step

A

nucleus
cytoplasm

67
Q

Is the interaction of
mRNA, tRNA, and the
ribosomes to form a
protein

A

Translation

67
Q

Ribosomes read the
mRNA sequence from
the __ end to the ___ end

A

5’ end to the 3’

67
Q

The mRNA is read by
tRNA (transfer RNA) ___
nucleotides at a time

A

3

67
Q

The set of 3 nucleotides
on the mRNA make up a
______

A

codon

67
Q

the tRNA has an amino
acid attached at one end
and 3 nucleotides called
an _______

A

anticodon

68
Q

the mRNA codon is
matched with the
complementary
anticodon on the _____

A

tRNA

68
Q

as each set is read, the
amino acids on the
tRNA join together
through _________ to
form a protein

A

peptide bonds

69
Q

Note: ribosomes binds
to the mRNa at the start
codon (_____) to begin
reading and stops
reading when it reaches
a stop codon (____,_____,_____)

A

AUG

UAG,UAA, UGA

69
Q

Each mRNA codon
codes for a particular
____ _____

A

amino acid

69
Q

Scientists can use the
_______________ to
write the amino acid
sequence of a particular
protein

A

Genetic Code Chart

69
Q

there are ___ possible
codons .

A

64

70
Q

3 are ‘________’ which
terminates the polypeptide
chain.

A

stop codons

71
Q

There are ___ amino acids,
and 61 codons. Most of
the amino acids are
represented by more than
one codon.

A

20

72
Q

The genetic code is said
to be ______.

A

degenerate

73
Q

The human genome project Begun in ____, and completed in _____, the

A

1990
2003

73
Q

Human Genome Project (HGP) was a 13-year project coordinated by the_______ and the ________.

A

U.S. Department of Energy
National Institutes of Health

74
Q

During the early years of the HGP, the _______ became a major partner; additional contributions came from Japan, France, Germany, China, and others.

A

Wellcome Trust (U.K.)

74
Q

Project Goals

A

identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA,
determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA,
store this information in databases,
improve tools for data analysis,
transfer related technologies to the private sector, and
address the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from the project.

74
Q

Benefits of the Human Genome Project:

1)

A

Molecular medicine:

Improved diagnosis of disease
Earlier detection of genetic predispositions to disease
Rational drug design
Gene therapy and control systems for drugs
Pharmacogenomics “custom drugs”

74
Q

2)

A

Energy sources and environmental applications:

Use microbial genomics research to create new energy sources (biofuels)
Use microbial genomics research to develop environmental monitoring techniques to detect pollutants
Use microbial genomics research for safe, efficient environmental remediation

75
Q

3)

A

Risk assessment:

Assess health damage and risks caused by radiation exposure, including low-dose exposures
Assess health damage and risks caused by exposure to mutagenic chemicals and cancer-causing toxins
Reduce the likelihood of heritable mutations

75
Q

4)

A

DNA forensics (identification):

Identify potential suspects whose DNA may match evidence left at crime scenes
Exonerate persons wrongly accused of crimes
Identify crime and catastrophe victims
Establish paternity and other family relationships
Identify endangered and protected species as an aid to wildlife officials (could be used for prosecuting poachers)
Match organ donors with recipients in transplant programs
Determine pedigree for seed or livestock breeds

76
Q

5)

A

Agriculture, livestock breeding, and bioprocessing:

Disease-, insect-, and drought-resistant crops
Healthier, more productive, disease-resistant farm animals
More nutritious produce
Biopesticides
Edible vaccines incorporated into food products
New environmental cleanup uses for plants like tobacco

76
Q

Societal Concerns Arising from the HGP

1)

A

Fairness in the use of genetic information by insurers, employers, courts, schools, adoption agencies, and the military, among others.

76
Q

2)

A

Privacy and confidentiality of genetic information.

77
Q

3)

A

Psychological impact and stigmatization due to an individual’s genetic differences.

77
Q

4)

A

Reproductive issues including adequate informed consent for complex and potentially controversial procedures, use of genetic information in reproductive decision-making and reproductive rights.

77
Q

5)

A

Clinical issues including the education of doctors and other health service providers, patients, and the general public in genetic capabilities, scientific limitations, and social risks; and implementation of standards and quality-control measures in testing procedures.

78
Q

6)

A

Uncertainties associated with gene tests for susceptibilities and complex conditions (e.g., heart disease) linked to multiple genes and gene-environment interactions.

79
Q

7)

A

Conceptual and philosophical implications regarding human responsibility, free will vs. genetic determinism, and concepts of health and disease.

79
Q

8)

A

Health and environmental issues concerning genetically modified foods (GM) and microbes.

79
Q

9)

A

Commercialization of products including property rights (patents, copyrights, and trade secrets) and accessibility of data and materials.

80
Q

______ is the study of how DNA is “played” and the
subsequent results.

A

Epigenetics

80
Q

To study epigenetics, scientists use ______

A

model systems.

80
Q

Model systems could be as
simple as a _____ of cells or as complex as an animal.

A

Petri dish

81
Q

Scientists choose the
_____ possible model study in order to answer their questions.

A

lowest

81
Q

For example, scientists have studied ____, ___ and even _____ to understand the mechanisms of epigenetics.

A

bacteria, mice and even humans

81
Q

One such model are _______. ______ are studied because the DNA of ______ is, as the word indicates, identical.

A

identical twins

81
Q

Why are identical twins different if their DNA is identical?
Scientists, suspecting _____, set out to find the answer to this question.

A

epigenetics

Medtech 12 (5 decks)

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