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Medtech 12 > Pathogens (Unit 3) - > Flashcards

Pathogens (Unit 3) - Flashcards

1
Q

Commonly called a germ

A

Pathogen

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2
Q

What Is a Pathogen?

A

A disease-causing organism

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3
Q

What Is a Disease?

A

A change in the normal way a body
functions that causes harm to the
body

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4
Q

______ are the changes in
our bodies that occur when we
get a disease

A

Symptoms

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5
Q

Example of symptoms:

A

sneezing, runny nose - symptoms of a cold

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6
Q

Diseases are classified into 2
groups based on their causes:

A

if they can be spread from person
to person or not

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7
Q

A disease that can spread from person to
person. Also called infectious disease or
contagious disease

A

Communicable Diseases

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8
Q

_________ always caused by exposure to pathogens, leading to pathogens entering, reproducing in and infecting your body

A

communicable disease

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8
Q

Example of communicable disease

A

rubella

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9
Q

for communicable disease Most pathogens are:

A

bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protists

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10
Q

ARE ALL EXAMPLES OF?

COVID-19
Rabies
HIV
Tuberculosis
Measles
Chickenpox

A

Communicable Diseases

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11
Q

People may be born with the disease

A

Non-Communicable Diseases

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11
Q

refers to the way the body of an organism works

A

Physiology

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11
Q

Any disease that can not be spread
from one person to another

A

Non-Communicable Diseases

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11
Q

example of non-communicable disease:

A

sickle-cell anemia

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12
Q

is the structure of organisms

A

Anatomy

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12
Q

the origination and development of a disease

A

Pathogenesis

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12
Q

Or disease may develop as the person
ages example:

A

(example: heart disease)

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12
Q

Bacteria:

Most belong to the Kingdom _______

A

Eubacteria.

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13
Q

the study of the spread, control, and prevention of
disease in a group of persons

A

Epidemiology:

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14
Q

A few bacteria belong to Kingdom ________. These are usually found in _________ (e.g. gut of animals, swamps, salt lakes,
hot springs)

A

Archaebacteria
extreme environments

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15
Q

Bacteria are Are extremely _____; range in size from 0.2 -1 µm

Some stick together in small groups called _______

A

small

colonies

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16
Q

Endospores can be killed by exposing them to pressurized steam at 121 degrees Celsius for 10-15 minutes in a process called ______ in a machine called an _______

A

sterilization
autoclave

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16
Q

Bacteria can be classified by shape:

Bacillus (plural: bacilli) -

A

rod-shaped

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16
Q

bacteria Reproduce asexually by _______

A

binary fission

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17
Q

All Bacteria Share Certain Characteristics -

_______-celled
_______ - DNA not surrounded by a nuclear membrane
No membranes around cell organelles
DNA is made up of a ____ chromosome

A

Single-celled
Prokaryotic - DNA not surrounded by a nuclear membrane
No membranes around cell organelles
DNA is made up of a single chromosome

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18
Q

Coccus (plural: cocci) -

A

spherical-shaped

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18
Q

Spirillum (plural: spirilla) -

A

spiral-shaped

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19
Q

An endospore is a thick wall surrounding the _______ and a small amount of cytoplasm (the rest of the cell is degraded, releasing the endospore)

A

genetic material

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19
Q

Endospores can survive:

A

boiling water, drying out or other extreme conditions

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19
Q

Some bacteria form a protective structure called an ______ when exposed to harsh conditions

A

endospore

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19
Q

Cells will emerge from endospores and begin normal growth when:

A

conditions are favourable

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19
Q

The term ‘_____’ refers to bacteria than form chains.

A

strep

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19
Q

_______ reproduction occurs by the process of binary fission

A

Asexual

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19
Q

The term ‘_____’ refers to bacteria that cluster together like grapes.

A

staph

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20
Q

Two common bacterial infections are _____ infections and _____ infections.

A

staph and strep

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21
Q
  1. Why do doctors often do a throat swab before prescribing a medication?
A

-need to know what your infected with (can’t give whatever)

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22
Q
  1. Should we kill off all bacteria?
A

-no, some help (good bacteria)
-in digestive system

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23
Q
  1. Why are scientists more concerned with bacteria that can form endospores?
A

-can last a long period of time without showing symptoms and randomly pop up during favourable conditions

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23
Q

staph/strep questions

A
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24
Q

Bacteria can also reproduce sexually by _______

A

conjugation

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24
Q

Reproduction in Protists -

Unicellular organisms with distinct ______
Can reproduce asexually - _______, _______
Can reproduce sexually - _______,______

A

nuclei
binary fission, budding
conjugation, fusion of gametes

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24
Q

Binary Fission:

________ is copied then identical genetic material ends up in each new cell

A

The DNA (chromosome)

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24
Q

In Binary Fission The cell then makes a ______ to divide the cell into two

A

cross wall

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25
Q

in Conjugation Two cells connect to form a _____

A

sex pilus

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25
Q

Conjugation -

The transfer of _______ from one bacterium to another by direct contact - not common among bacteria

A

genetic material

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25
Q

A small lifeless particle that carries out no metabolic functions on its own

A

Viruses

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25
Q

Cannot reproduce on its own

A

Viruses

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26
Q

In Conjugation The donor cell transfers _____ to the recipient cell - altering their genetic characteristics

A

plasmids

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27
Q

Reproduction in Fungi -
_______,_______ organisms that live as saprobes or parasites (includes mushrooms, yeasts, and molds)

A

Eukaryotic, heterotrophic

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28
Q

Fungi have ______ but lack chlorophyll

A

rigid cell walls

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28
Q

Characteristics of Viruses - (4)

A

Virus - Latin for poison
Carry out no life function on their own
Cannot be seen with a light microscope
Measured in nanometres(nm)

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29
Q

Fungi Can reproduce sexually - ______, _______

A

conjugation, fusion of gametes or spores

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29
Q

Fungi Can reproduce asexually - ______, _______, _______

A

binary fission, budding, fragmentation

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29
Q

Viruses: Living or Non-Living?

LIVING - (3)

A

-Made of DNA/RNA and a protein
-Possesses genetic material that is capable of mutation
-Can adapt to changing environment

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29
Q

Basic Structure of Viruses - (4)

A

Range in size from 20 nm to 400 nm
Inner nucleic acid core - could be DNA or RNA
Outer protein coat called a capsid
Varies greatly in appearance/shape

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29
Q

Viruses: Living or Non-Living?

NON-LIVING - (4)

A

-Have no cellular organelles
-Unable to produce their own energy or proteins
-Must rely on host cells for cellular functions and reproduction
-Are assembled; cannot grow

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30
Q

Has a unique tadpole shape with a distinct head and tail region

A

Bacteriophages

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30
Q

A category of viruses known as “eaters of bacteria”

A

Bacteriophages

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31
Q

Examples (2)

A

Rabies virus -
Can infect many mammals including rodents, dogs, racoons, bats, and humans

Human cold virus-
Infects cells of the upper respiratory tract

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31
Q

Viral Diversity -

A

Viruses are selective - specific viruses will only enter specific cells. These specific cells are the host range
This limits the number of host species, tissues, or cells that a virus can infect

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32
Q

Viral Replication -

Viruses _______ - not reproduce!

A

replicate

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33
Q

Process by which the virus and its genetic material are duplicated 2 ways:

A

Lytic cycle
Lysogenic cycle

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34
Q

Lytic Cycle -

Can take as little as _____minutes and produce hundreds of new virus particles

A

25 to 45

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34
Q

Four steps in lytic cycle

A

Attachment
Synthesis
Assembly
Release

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35
Q

The four steps explained of the lytic cycle

A

1) Attachment - Virus attaches to host cell and injects genetic material

2) Synthesis - Viral DNA/RNA ‘hijacks’ the host cell to produce viral parts

3) Assembly - The viral parts are assembled to form new viruses

4) Release - Host cell lyses (breaks open) and newly formed viruses are released

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35
Q

Lysogenic Cycle -

Virus _____ its genetic material into a host cell

A

injects

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36
Q

When host cell replicates, the______ also replicates

A

viral DNA

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36
Q

_____ combines with the host cell’s DNA

A

Viral DNA

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37
Q

A ______ activates the viral DNA and the lytic cycle begins

A

trigger

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38
Q

Triggers example

A

temperature, stress, chemicals, shock

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38
Q

The pathogen is a protist called plasmodium carried by mosquitoes.

A

Malaria

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39
Q

1) Would you consider pathogens with lysogenic cycles more serious/dangerous?

A

-yes
-can be dormant with host cell for many years so you don’t see symptoms before a trigger causes is to be harmful
-persist silently within host/remain hidden/hard to find and control

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40
Q

3) With respect to changing temperatures and climates, how can this affect the spread of disease?

A

-Warmer diseases can expand disease-carrying things such as mostquotes, ticks or fleas
-Changes in precipitation can cause waterborne disease
-Can be a trigger/perfect condition for some disease

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40
Q

2) What can we do to help prevent malaria?

A

-Mosquito control
-Personal protection (repellent, long sleeve, sleep under net)

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40
Q

A set of specific practices performed under controlled conditions with the goal of minimizing contamination by pathogens.

A

Aseptic Techniques

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41
Q

Aseptic Practices in the Workplace:

A

-handwashing
-sterile or disposable equipment
-Proper disposal
-use different droppers
-Wear gloves/ masks

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42
Q

Food Safety

A

Be aware of what you eat, and be careful how you prepare it.

Ensure what needs to be refrigerated is refrigerated

Be sure temperature controls in refrigerators and freezers are working properly

Wash counters, cutting boards, and utensils frequently with soap and hot water,
especially after preparing poultry and other meats

Wash fresh fruits and vegetables before eating

Cook ground beef until you can no longer see any pink (ground beef cannot be
eaten raw)

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43
Q

Medication:

A

Use antibiotics exactly as prescribed.

Take them for the full course prescribed by your doctor, but not for
colds or other non-bacterial illnesses; never share your antibiotics

Report to your doctor any quickly worsening infection or any
infection that does not get better after you take a prescribed
antibiotic.

Keep immunizations up to date. Follow recommended
immunizations. And don’t forget your pets.

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44
Q

Travel:

A

Stay alert to disease threats when you travel to
other parts of the world.

Get all recommended immunizations, and use
protective medications for travel, especially to
areas with malaria.

Don’t drink untreated water while hiking or
camping.

If you become ill when you return home, tell your
doctor where you’ve been.

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45
Q

Wildlife:

A

Be cautious around all wild and domestic animals that are not
familiar to you.

After any animal bite, clean the skin with soap and water, and seek
medical care immediately

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46
Q

Important Steps to Avoid Ticks:

A

Wear light colored clothing, including long sleeve
shirts and pants when outside. Light colored
clothing will make ticks more easily seen on
clothing before they have a chance to attach to the
skin.

Tuck pants into socks and shirts into pants to
cover skin as much as possible.

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47
Q
  1. How can cuts to the housekeeping budget in hospitals affect the spread of disease?
A

-decreased cleanliness and sanitation standards
-not proper disinfection of surface, equipment and rooms
-spread more disease causing pathogens such as bacteria/virus
-not enough staff for cleaning

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48
Q
  1. What can you do to stop the spread of disease when visiting a nursing home?
A

-wash hands often for 20 secs
-use hand sanitizer
-avoid coming if not well
-wear mask
-maintain distance

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49
Q
  1. In Ontario, all business serving food must pass an inspection by Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Would you eat at an establishment that got a ‘Yellow warning’ rating? Why or why not?
A

-no, may pose possible risk of infection
-hygiene concerns
-risk of cross contamination

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50
Q

Three Steps of Pathogen Transmission

A

1) Escape from the host
2) Travel to the new host
3) Infection of the new host

51
Q

Pathogen transmission occurs in several ways, usually dependent on the ______of the organism.

A

ecology

52
Q

For example, respiratory pathogens are usually _____

A

airborne

53
Q

while pathogens of the digestive tract tend to occur in ______ or _______

A

food or water

53
Q

Pathogen transmission is grouped into two general types of contact, _____ and _____, within which there are several mechanisms.

A

direct and indirect

54
Q

Pathogen transmission by direct contact takes place when an infected host transmits a disease ______ to another host.

A

directly

54
Q

The pathogens that travel this way are extremely sensitive to the environment and ___________ for any length of time.

A

cannot be outside of the host

55
Q

Tremonema palidum (syphilis), Neisseria gohorrhoeae (gonorrhea), and the pathogen that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or AIDS, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are all pathogens responsible for ______

A

STIs

55
Q

example of direct contact transmission dieases

A

pathogens that cause sexually transmitted diseases (STIs) are transmitted via blood, semen, or saliva.

56
Q

The viruses responsible for hemorrhagic fever, such as Ebola, are also transmitted by direct contact via ________

A

the blood

57
Q

Animate transmission agents, which are referred to as disease vehicles, include ___________

A

air, water, and food.

57
Q

Indirect transmission occurs when an agent is required to transfer the pathogen from an ________ to a ________ host. The agent may be either animate or ________.

A

infected host
susceptible
inanimate

58
Q

Animate, or living, agents of disease transmission are most often:

A

insects, mites, fleas, and rodents

58
Q

. Living agents of transmission are referred to as _________

A

vectors.

59
Q

Inanimate agents also include _______, which are objects on which the pathogen has been deposited.

A

fomites

59
Q

Examples of fomites are:

A

Examples of fomites are toys, clothes, bedding, or surgical instruments.

60
Q

Many respiratory viruses and bacterial spores are light enough to be lifted by the wind. These agents can subsequently be inhaled, where they cause lung infections. A particularly important example:

A

The spore form of the anthrax-causing bacterium Bacillus anthraci. This bacterium forms spores that can spread through the air and cause a severe respiratory disease when inhaled.

61
Q

_________ can be equipped with anthrax spores aimed at infecting populations upon detonation.

A

Biological weapons

61
Q

In 2001, the United States was plagued by a bioterrorist who placed spores in mail so that the people who handled the envelopes contracted cutaneous or inhalation _______.

A

anthrax

62
Q

The ingestion of __________ introduces the microbes into the digestive system, where they can attack the gastrointestinal tract. Some pathogenic organisms use the cells that line the digestive tract in order to gain entry to the bloodstream. From there, an infection can become systemic.

A

contaminated water

63
Q

A common _______ pathogen is Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera. The contamination of drinking water by this bacterium still causes cholera epidemics in some areas of the world.

A

water borne

63
Q

______ harbor the microorganisms that cause disease and transfer them to humans via a bite or by other contact.

A

Vectors

64
Q

Foodborne pathogens are grouped into two categories:

A

1) Those that produce toxins that poison the host
2) Those that infect the host and then grow there.

64
Q

Food poisoning is most often caused by the bacterium _____________________, which produces enterotoxins that result in vomiting and diarrhea. The bacterium Clostridium botulinum is responsible for the disease _____, which is an extremely severe and sometimes fatal food poisoning.

A

Staphylococcus aureus
botulism

65
Q

The pathogens that are most likely to be used as __________ use a variety of modes of transmission.

A

biological weapons

66
Q

Included in this list of pathogens are:

A

The airborne bacterium Bacillus anthracis and the airborne Variola virus that causes smallpox;
the foodborne bacterium Clostridium botulinum ;
Yersina pestis, which requires a vector;
The Ebola virus, which requires direct bloodborne transmission

67
Q

Why might biological weapons be more dangerous than man-made weapons?

A

-hard to detect/locate/cure
-hard to respond fast and effectively
-potentially cause widespread and long lasting harm as diseases can spread rapidly and affect large populations
-once released hard to control
-easier to make/access

68
Q

Diseases that are spread via indirect contact in hospitals are specifically referred to as _____________

A

nosocomial infections.

69
Q
  1. Do you think using pathogens has a biological weapon is of major concern today? Why or why not?
A

-yes, increasingly feasible for both state and non-state actors to develop and deploy such weapons
-In case of war and conflict, high-threat pathogens laboratories can be targeted, which might lead to serious public health consequences.
-Hard to detect and cure and prevent

70
Q
  1. What are some common examples of direct transmission of pathogens? How can these modes of transmission be mitigated or prevented?
A

-person to person (hand hygiene)
-droplet transmission (clean )
-direct contact with infectious bodily fluid (cover mouth when sneezing)
-personal protective equipment (masks, glove etc)

70
Q
  1. Explore the role of technology in tracking and preventing the transmission of infectious diseases. What are some examples of technological interventions that have been successful in controlling outbreaks?
A

-genomic sequencing (rapid sequencing of pathogen genomes, aids in development of targeted intervention and tracking)
-Digital disease surveillance systems (automated surveillance systems collect and analyze data from variou sources, including electronic health record)
-Wearable devices/mobile health (mobile apps, wearable devices can detect vital signs, track movement patterns and detect symptoms of diseases)

70
Q

Why is it important to have a functioning immune system?

A

-Defense against pathogens
-Prevention of infections
-Detection and removal of abnormal cells
-Promotion of healing

71
Q
  1. THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENCE

-Prevent _____ from entering the body
-_____ acts as a barrier
-______ membranes trap pathogens (found in nose, lungs, intestines)
-_____ acid destroys pathogens

A

pathogens
Skin
Mucus
Stomach

71
Q

The Second Line of Defence

_______ are cells in the body which destroys pathogens → Found in _____ blood cells

A

Macrophages
white

71
Q

surrounds the pathogen and takes it completely inside where both the pathogen and macrophage are destroyed.

A

Macrophage

72
Q

Macrophage surrounds the pathogen and takes it completely inside where both the pathogen and macrophage are destroyed.

A
73
Q

around an infected cut is made up of dead macrophages and pathogens

A

Pus

73
Q

The Third Line of Defence:

_________
Chemicals that can determine if there is anything in your body that is not a part of you (non-self), i.e. pathogens.

A

Antibodies

74
Q

An ______ is anything in your body that an antibody has determined to be non-self.

A

antigen

75
Q

A particular antibody can only detect ____ antigen

A

one

75
Q

When an antibody finds an ____, it will attach to it and the antibody will signal the body to produce lots of antibodies

A

antigen

76
Q

Once the pathogen attaches to the antibody, it can ____ move therefore easier for the _______ to capture it and destroy it.

A

NOT
macrophages

77
Q

General Vs. Specific Defences

A

General Defences
Defences that act against any pathogen
Example: skin, macrophages

Specific Defences
Defences that act against only 1 type of pathogen.
Example: antibodies

78
Q

Function of blood:
Make ______
Bring ____ and ______ to where they are needed.
Macrophages are types of _____ blood cells
Another type of white blood cells produces antibodies

A

antibodies
antibodies and macrophages
white

78
Q

Is made up of lymph fluid, lymph vessels and nodes, the thymus, the spleen and the tonsils

A

The Immune System

79
Q

______ and _____ are produced by these tissues and organs (the immune system)

A

Macrophages and antibodies

79
Q

Most pathogens are destroyed while they are in the _______

A

immune system

80
Q

is a watery fluid that carries white blood cells and antibodies to where they are needed

A

Lymph

80
Q

Lymph also carries ______ and harmful chemicals away

A

pathogens

81
Q

is a large organ that produces and stores white blood cells and destroys foreign particles (pathogens)

A

Spleen

82
Q

____ and _____ nodes are smaller structures that produce white blood cells and filter out pathogens and harmful chemicals

A

Tonsils and lymph

82
Q

The body has _____ of types of antibodies. One specific type of antibody recognizes the new ____ that has invaded the body. (The antigen may be a whole pathogen or part of a pathogen)

A

thousands
antigen

83
Q

When an antibody binds to its antigen, the antibody sends out a ______ that tells the body to make more copies of that antibody

A

chemical signal

83
Q

In response to the chemical signal, the body begins to make thousands of copies of the antibody that recognized the antigen. The new copies of the antibody binds to all the remaining ______ in the body, which can then be destroyed by _____.

A

antigens
macrophages

84
Q

Even when all antigens have been destroyed/no more infection, the body continues to make a higher number of the _____ that encountered its antigen. The body is “stocked up” with antibodies for the next time it encounters the pathogen.

A

antibody

85
Q

Body makes antibodies against particles that are harmless such as:

A

plant pollen, cats or dogs dander, feathers, peanuts

85
Q

An immune response to something that is not usually harmful
i.e. certain plants, certain animals, certain foods

A

Allergy

86
Q

Common symptoms of allergy are __________________whenever they come in contact with an allergen

A

itchy eyes, runny nose, and sneezing whenever they come in contact with an allergen

86
Q

An ______ is anything that causes an allergy

A

allergen

87
Q

Some more severe reactions involve

A

swelling eyes or hives

87
Q

a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction

A

Anaphylaxis

87
Q

______ can be life-threatening if it occurs in the throat and blocks breathing

A

Swelling

88
Q

Common Food Allergies in Canada

A

Eggs
Milk
Mustard
Peanuts
Crustaceans and molluscs
Fish
Sesame seeds
Soy

88
Q

More _____ allergies may require prescription medication and hospitalization

A

severe

88
Q

Treatment for allergies usually include non-prescription medicine such as ____________.

A

antihistamines

89
Q

Quick ________ and ________are vital

A

symptom recognition and immediate

89
Q

can be used to treat severe allergic reactions

A

Epipens

90
Q

The immune system mistakes some of the person’s body cells as a ____________ and tries to destroy them

A

foreign substance

90
Q

The immune system will slowly _____

A

destroy part of the body

90
Q

A person’s immune system attacks cells in his/her own body

A

autoimmune disease

91
Q

Treatment is available to treat the symptoms, but the disease ______ be cured.

A

cannot

91
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis
Multiple sclerosis
Crohn’s disease
Psoriasis
are all examples of

A

autoimmune disease

92
Q

Many medical workers, such as nurses and paramedics are required to receive vaccinations against influenza. Explain why an employer might make this requirement.

A

-Patient Safety: Prevents transmission to vulnerable patients.
-Outbreak Prevention: Creates a barrier against facility outbreaks.
-Staff Health: Reduces absenteeism and maintains a healthy workforce.
-Professional Responsibility: Demonstrates commitment to patient safety.
-Legal and Regulatory Compliance: Aligns with healthcare standards and obligations.

93
Q
A
93
Q

Why is an advantage for your body to have a high number of antibodies against a pathogen it has encountered?

A

-Enhanced Immune Response: Faster and more effective recognition and targeting.

-Increased Protection: Greater defense against reinfection by neutralizing pathogens.

-Long-term Immunity: Development of lasting protection through memory B cells.

-Reduced Severity: Milder illness and faster recovery upon reinfection.

-Herd Immunity: Contributes to community protection against disease transmission.

93
Q

1861 Proposed ‘germs’ were the cause of disease

A

Louis Pasteur

94
Q

1928

Accidently discovered the antibiotic penicillin( the first known antibiotic) when he was working with bacteria that was contaminated with mould

A

Sir Alexander Flemming

94
Q

1932
-Sulfonamides antibiotic against Strepococcus
-1st synthetic antibiotic

A

Domagk

94
Q

1939
-Tyrothricin-antibiotic against pneumonia
-1st commercially produced antibiotic

A

Dubos

95
Q

1944
-antibiotic against Streptococcus

A

Streptomycin

96
Q

1948
-antibiotic against typhoid fever

A

Chloramphenicol

96
Q

Are powerful medicines that fight infections caused by bacteria, fungus and certain parasites

A

Antibiotics

96
Q

Do or do not: antibiotics fight infections caused by viruses, such as colds, flu, most coughs, bronchitis or sore throats(unless caused by strep)

A

DO NOT

97
Q

Bacteria that are killed or inhibited from reproducing in the presence of an antibiotic are:

A

antibiotic suspectible

97
Q

Things to remember when using antibiotics:

A

-never take antibiotics without a prescription
-do not use leftover antibiotics from a earlier illness
-do not take antibiotics that was prescribed for someone else
follow the instructions on the medication
-take all of the medicine; even if you feel better in a few days

97
Q

Bacteria which are not affected by antibiotics that should kill it or inhibits its growth is said to be:

A

antibiotic resistant

98
Q

Antibiotic use can increase antibiotic resistant by 2 different processes:

1: ______________
Mutations occur naturally in all living organisms, bacteria containing the mutation survives and reproduces

A

Mutation in genetic material

98
Q

2:__________
Bacteria can exchange genetic material by forming a tube between 2 bacteria and inject a piece of its DNA into the other bacteria by the process of conjugation (not true sexual reproduction)

A

Exchange of genetic material

98
Q

Bacteria can exchange genetic material by forming a tube between 2 bacteria and inject a piece of its DNA into the other bacteria by the process of __________ (not true sexual reproduction)

A

conjugation

99
Q

bacteria become resistance more quickly when antibiotics are used too often or not used correctly T/F?

A

TRUE

100
Q

_________bacteria and ________bacteria are of great concern today

A

MRSA and VRE

101
Q

____ bacteria are resistant to the antibiotic vancomyin, which is regarded as the drug of last resort

A

VRE

101
Q

is regarded as the drug of last resort

A

antibiotic vancomyin

101
Q

Used to treat infections caused by viruses

A

Antiviral drugs

101
Q

-Used for a narrow range of viruses with limited effectiveness

-Only 11 antiviral drugs available , covering 4 types of viruses

A

ANTIVIRAL DRUGS:

101
Q

-_________ is effective against herpes virus; it is not a cure, it may reduce pain of the a herpes outbreak and shorten the period of viral shedding

________ is used in treatment of influenza virus

A

Acyclovir(Zovirax)
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

102
Q

Are used to destroy or inhibit the replication of retroviruses

A

Antiretroviral Drugs

102
Q

__ main types of antiretroviral drugs, which block particular steps in the replication process

A

3

102
Q

________ are viruses whose genetic material are composed of RNA rather than DNA

A

Retroviruses

103
Q

The best known retrovirus is ____- human immuniodeficiency virus

A

HIV

103
Q
A
104
Q

Drugs do not cure, but:

A

significantly slows disease progression

104
Q

general term given to substances that kill or slow the growth of microbes

A

Antimicrobial

104
Q

collective name given to bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites

A

Microbes

105
Q

Antimicrobial agents:

-tetracycline(antibiotic used to treat ____ tract infection

-Tamiflu (antiviral used to treat the ___)

  • Lamisil ( antifungal used to treat ________)
A

-urinary
-flu
-althete’s foot

105
Q

term given to substances that kill or slow the growth of bacteria when treating human and environmental surfaces. Ex. Hand soaps, dishwashing detergents

A

Antibacterial

106
Q

Why is it important to use antibiotics wisely?

A

-Overuse or misuse can lead to development of antibiotic resistant bacteria
-Avoiding side effects

106
Q

Describe 5 ways you can help prevent the spread of communicable diseases.

A

-Social distances
-Hand sanitizer
-Wash hands
-Wear masks if sick
-Clean areas
-Cover mouth when couching/sneezing

107
Q

Discuss the various ways governments (Municipal, Provincial, or Federal) protect its citizens from pathogens.

A

-Quarantine
-Vaccinations

107
Q

Do you think we are prepared to handle a major outbreak of a deadly pathogen today?

A

Yes because of covid we know what to do
During covid we are not so prepared especially in frontline they needed more staff who knew what to do (How to control outbreak/track origin)

107
Q

GOARN stands for

A

Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network

107
Q

During outbreaks, the _____________________ ensures that the right technical expertise and are skills are on the ground where and when they are needed most.

A

the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network

107
Q

_____ is a collaboration of existing institutions and networks, constantly alert and ready to respond. The network pools human and technical resources for rapid identification, confirmation and response to outbreaks of international importance.

A

GOARN

107
Q

_____ coordinates international outbreak response using resources from GOARN.

A

WHO

107
Q

Started as a vision of a young 8 year old boy named Ryan in 1998; he wanted every people in the world to have clean water

A

Ryan’s Well Foundation

108
Q

It supports the building of drilled deep or shallow wells, rehabilitation of existing drilled wells, rainwater harvesting tanks and protected springs.

A

Ryan’s Well Foundation

108
Q

Also supports the building of latrines and hygiene education to stop the global water and sanitation crisis

A

Ryan’s Well Foundation

108
Q

supports community-based organizations that are turning the tide of HIV/AIDS in Africa

A

Stephen Lewis Foundation

108
Q

provide counselling and education about HIV prevention, care and treatment

A

Stephen Lewis Foundation

108
Q

distributes food, medication and other necessities

A

Stephen Lewis Foundation

108
Q

reach the sick and vulnerable through home-based health care

help orphans and vulnerable children access to education and work through their grief

support grandmothers caring for their orphaned grandchildren
Grandmothers to Grandmothers Campaign

A

Stephen Lewis Foundation

108
Q

Provides emergency medical assistance to populations in danger around the world, Work in areas with insufficient health structures, Provides health care in remote health care centres, slum areas.

A

Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF)- Doctors Without Borders

108
Q

Assists in rehabilitation of hospitals and dispensaries

Provides vaccinations programmes

Works with water and sanitation projects

A

Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF)- Doctors Without Borders

108
Q

Canadian non-governmental organization which believes that water and sanitation initiatives must be a foreign aid priority for Canada (Also fights against global poverty)

A

Sanitation &Water Action Network (SWAN) Canada

108
Q

Provides assistance to many countries in need such as providing water, sanitation and public health.

A

Oxfam

109
Q

prevents malaria infections by providing communities with mosquito nets

A

Spread the Net

110
Q
  1. It is important to support organizations such as Ryan’s Well Foundation and SWAN. Agree or Disagree?
A

yes, addressing various social, health and environmental issues
RWF provides clean water to communities in need
SWAN does same by providing water and sanitation
By supporting these organizations we contribute to positive changes and help improve the lives of those in need

110
Q
  1. How can being involved in The Spread the Net school challenge be a benefit to us?
A

Social impact (contribute to worthy cause by raising funds, directly help lives of people at risk of contracting malaria)
Educational opportunity (learn about global health issues, specially malaria, how to prevent it etc

111
Q
  1. Why is it so important for the existence of organizations such as GOARN and WHO?
A

Medtech 12 (5 decks)

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