Pathogens (Unit 3) - Flashcards
Commonly called a germ
Pathogen
What Is a Pathogen?
A disease-causing organism
What Is a Disease?
A change in the normal way a body
functions that causes harm to the
body
______ are the changes in
our bodies that occur when we
get a disease
Symptoms
Example of symptoms:
sneezing, runny nose - symptoms of a cold
Diseases are classified into 2
groups based on their causes:
if they can be spread from person
to person or not
A disease that can spread from person to
person. Also called infectious disease or
contagious disease
Communicable Diseases
_________ always caused by exposure to pathogens, leading to pathogens entering, reproducing in and infecting your body
communicable disease
Example of communicable disease
rubella
for communicable disease Most pathogens are:
bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protists
ARE ALL EXAMPLES OF?
COVID-19
Rabies
HIV
Tuberculosis
Measles
Chickenpox
Communicable Diseases
People may be born with the disease
Non-Communicable Diseases
refers to the way the body of an organism works
Physiology
Any disease that can not be spread
from one person to another
Non-Communicable Diseases
example of non-communicable disease:
sickle-cell anemia
is the structure of organisms
Anatomy
the origination and development of a disease
Pathogenesis
Or disease may develop as the person
ages example:
(example: heart disease)
Bacteria:
Most belong to the Kingdom _______
Eubacteria.
the study of the spread, control, and prevention of
disease in a group of persons
Epidemiology:
A few bacteria belong to Kingdom ________. These are usually found in _________ (e.g. gut of animals, swamps, salt lakes,
hot springs)
Archaebacteria
extreme environments
Bacteria are Are extremely _____; range in size from 0.2 -1 µm
Some stick together in small groups called _______
small
colonies
Endospores can be killed by exposing them to pressurized steam at 121 degrees Celsius for 10-15 minutes in a process called ______ in a machine called an _______
sterilization
autoclave
Bacteria can be classified by shape:
Bacillus (plural: bacilli) -
rod-shaped
bacteria Reproduce asexually by _______
binary fission
All Bacteria Share Certain Characteristics -
_______-celled
_______ - DNA not surrounded by a nuclear membrane
No membranes around cell organelles
DNA is made up of a ____ chromosome
Single-celled
Prokaryotic - DNA not surrounded by a nuclear membrane
No membranes around cell organelles
DNA is made up of a single chromosome
Coccus (plural: cocci) -
spherical-shaped
Spirillum (plural: spirilla) -
spiral-shaped
An endospore is a thick wall surrounding the _______ and a small amount of cytoplasm (the rest of the cell is degraded, releasing the endospore)
genetic material
Endospores can survive:
boiling water, drying out or other extreme conditions
Some bacteria form a protective structure called an ______ when exposed to harsh conditions
endospore
Cells will emerge from endospores and begin normal growth when:
conditions are favourable
The term ‘_____’ refers to bacteria than form chains.
strep
_______ reproduction occurs by the process of binary fission
Asexual
The term ‘_____’ refers to bacteria that cluster together like grapes.
staph
Two common bacterial infections are _____ infections and _____ infections.
staph and strep
- Why do doctors often do a throat swab before prescribing a medication?
-need to know what your infected with (can’t give whatever)
- Should we kill off all bacteria?
-no, some help (good bacteria)
-in digestive system
- Why are scientists more concerned with bacteria that can form endospores?
-can last a long period of time without showing symptoms and randomly pop up during favourable conditions
staph/strep questions
Bacteria can also reproduce sexually by _______
conjugation
Reproduction in Protists -
Unicellular organisms with distinct ______
Can reproduce asexually - _______, _______
Can reproduce sexually - _______,______
nuclei
binary fission, budding
conjugation, fusion of gametes
Binary Fission:
________ is copied then identical genetic material ends up in each new cell
The DNA (chromosome)
In Binary Fission The cell then makes a ______ to divide the cell into two
cross wall
in Conjugation Two cells connect to form a _____
sex pilus
Conjugation -
The transfer of _______ from one bacterium to another by direct contact - not common among bacteria
genetic material
A small lifeless particle that carries out no metabolic functions on its own
Viruses
Cannot reproduce on its own
Viruses
In Conjugation The donor cell transfers _____ to the recipient cell - altering their genetic characteristics
plasmids
Reproduction in Fungi -
_______,_______ organisms that live as saprobes or parasites (includes mushrooms, yeasts, and molds)
Eukaryotic, heterotrophic
Fungi have ______ but lack chlorophyll
rigid cell walls
Characteristics of Viruses - (4)
Virus - Latin for poison
Carry out no life function on their own
Cannot be seen with a light microscope
Measured in nanometres(nm)
Fungi Can reproduce sexually - ______, _______
conjugation, fusion of gametes or spores
Fungi Can reproduce asexually - ______, _______, _______
binary fission, budding, fragmentation
Viruses: Living or Non-Living?
LIVING - (3)
-Made of DNA/RNA and a protein
-Possesses genetic material that is capable of mutation
-Can adapt to changing environment
Basic Structure of Viruses - (4)
Range in size from 20 nm to 400 nm
Inner nucleic acid core - could be DNA or RNA
Outer protein coat called a capsid
Varies greatly in appearance/shape
Viruses: Living or Non-Living?
NON-LIVING - (4)
-Have no cellular organelles
-Unable to produce their own energy or proteins
-Must rely on host cells for cellular functions and reproduction
-Are assembled; cannot grow
Has a unique tadpole shape with a distinct head and tail region
Bacteriophages
A category of viruses known as “eaters of bacteria”
Bacteriophages
Examples (2)
Rabies virus -
Can infect many mammals including rodents, dogs, racoons, bats, and humans
Human cold virus-
Infects cells of the upper respiratory tract
Viral Diversity -
Viruses are selective - specific viruses will only enter specific cells. These specific cells are the host range
This limits the number of host species, tissues, or cells that a virus can infect
Viral Replication -
Viruses _______ - not reproduce!
replicate
Process by which the virus and its genetic material are duplicated 2 ways:
Lytic cycle
Lysogenic cycle
Lytic Cycle -
Can take as little as _____minutes and produce hundreds of new virus particles
25 to 45
Four steps in lytic cycle
Attachment
Synthesis
Assembly
Release
The four steps explained of the lytic cycle
1) Attachment - Virus attaches to host cell and injects genetic material
2) Synthesis - Viral DNA/RNA ‘hijacks’ the host cell to produce viral parts
3) Assembly - The viral parts are assembled to form new viruses
4) Release - Host cell lyses (breaks open) and newly formed viruses are released
Lysogenic Cycle -
Virus _____ its genetic material into a host cell
injects
When host cell replicates, the______ also replicates
viral DNA
_____ combines with the host cell’s DNA
Viral DNA
A ______ activates the viral DNA and the lytic cycle begins
trigger
Triggers example
temperature, stress, chemicals, shock
The pathogen is a protist called plasmodium carried by mosquitoes.
Malaria
1) Would you consider pathogens with lysogenic cycles more serious/dangerous?
-yes
-can be dormant with host cell for many years so you don’t see symptoms before a trigger causes is to be harmful
-persist silently within host/remain hidden/hard to find and control
3) With respect to changing temperatures and climates, how can this affect the spread of disease?
-Warmer diseases can expand disease-carrying things such as mostquotes, ticks or fleas
-Changes in precipitation can cause waterborne disease
-Can be a trigger/perfect condition for some disease
2) What can we do to help prevent malaria?
-Mosquito control
-Personal protection (repellent, long sleeve, sleep under net)
A set of specific practices performed under controlled conditions with the goal of minimizing contamination by pathogens.
Aseptic Techniques
Aseptic Practices in the Workplace:
-handwashing
-sterile or disposable equipment
-Proper disposal
-use different droppers
-Wear gloves/ masks
Food Safety
Be aware of what you eat, and be careful how you prepare it.
Ensure what needs to be refrigerated is refrigerated
Be sure temperature controls in refrigerators and freezers are working properly
Wash counters, cutting boards, and utensils frequently with soap and hot water,
especially after preparing poultry and other meats
Wash fresh fruits and vegetables before eating
Cook ground beef until you can no longer see any pink (ground beef cannot be
eaten raw)
Medication:
Use antibiotics exactly as prescribed.
Take them for the full course prescribed by your doctor, but not for
colds or other non-bacterial illnesses; never share your antibiotics
Report to your doctor any quickly worsening infection or any
infection that does not get better after you take a prescribed
antibiotic.
Keep immunizations up to date. Follow recommended
immunizations. And don’t forget your pets.
Travel:
Stay alert to disease threats when you travel to
other parts of the world.
Get all recommended immunizations, and use
protective medications for travel, especially to
areas with malaria.
Don’t drink untreated water while hiking or
camping.
If you become ill when you return home, tell your
doctor where you’ve been.
Wildlife:
Be cautious around all wild and domestic animals that are not
familiar to you.
After any animal bite, clean the skin with soap and water, and seek
medical care immediately
Important Steps to Avoid Ticks:
Wear light colored clothing, including long sleeve
shirts and pants when outside. Light colored
clothing will make ticks more easily seen on
clothing before they have a chance to attach to the
skin.
Tuck pants into socks and shirts into pants to
cover skin as much as possible.
- How can cuts to the housekeeping budget in hospitals affect the spread of disease?
-decreased cleanliness and sanitation standards
-not proper disinfection of surface, equipment and rooms
-spread more disease causing pathogens such as bacteria/virus
-not enough staff for cleaning
- What can you do to stop the spread of disease when visiting a nursing home?
-wash hands often for 20 secs
-use hand sanitizer
-avoid coming if not well
-wear mask
-maintain distance
- In Ontario, all business serving food must pass an inspection by Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Would you eat at an establishment that got a ‘Yellow warning’ rating? Why or why not?
-no, may pose possible risk of infection
-hygiene concerns
-risk of cross contamination
Three Steps of Pathogen Transmission
1) Escape from the host
2) Travel to the new host
3) Infection of the new host
Pathogen transmission occurs in several ways, usually dependent on the ______of the organism.
ecology
For example, respiratory pathogens are usually _____
airborne
while pathogens of the digestive tract tend to occur in ______ or _______
food or water
Pathogen transmission is grouped into two general types of contact, _____ and _____, within which there are several mechanisms.
direct and indirect
Pathogen transmission by direct contact takes place when an infected host transmits a disease ______ to another host.
directly
The pathogens that travel this way are extremely sensitive to the environment and ___________ for any length of time.
cannot be outside of the host
Tremonema palidum (syphilis), Neisseria gohorrhoeae (gonorrhea), and the pathogen that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or AIDS, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are all pathogens responsible for ______
STIs
example of direct contact transmission dieases
pathogens that cause sexually transmitted diseases (STIs) are transmitted via blood, semen, or saliva.
The viruses responsible for hemorrhagic fever, such as Ebola, are also transmitted by direct contact via ________
the blood
Animate transmission agents, which are referred to as disease vehicles, include ___________
air, water, and food.
Indirect transmission occurs when an agent is required to transfer the pathogen from an ________ to a ________ host. The agent may be either animate or ________.
infected host
susceptible
inanimate
Animate, or living, agents of disease transmission are most often:
insects, mites, fleas, and rodents
. Living agents of transmission are referred to as _________
vectors.
Inanimate agents also include _______, which are objects on which the pathogen has been deposited.
fomites
Examples of fomites are:
Examples of fomites are toys, clothes, bedding, or surgical instruments.
Many respiratory viruses and bacterial spores are light enough to be lifted by the wind. These agents can subsequently be inhaled, where they cause lung infections. A particularly important example:
The spore form of the anthrax-causing bacterium Bacillus anthraci. This bacterium forms spores that can spread through the air and cause a severe respiratory disease when inhaled.
_________ can be equipped with anthrax spores aimed at infecting populations upon detonation.
Biological weapons
In 2001, the United States was plagued by a bioterrorist who placed spores in mail so that the people who handled the envelopes contracted cutaneous or inhalation _______.
anthrax
The ingestion of __________ introduces the microbes into the digestive system, where they can attack the gastrointestinal tract. Some pathogenic organisms use the cells that line the digestive tract in order to gain entry to the bloodstream. From there, an infection can become systemic.
contaminated water
A common _______ pathogen is Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera. The contamination of drinking water by this bacterium still causes cholera epidemics in some areas of the world.
water borne
______ harbor the microorganisms that cause disease and transfer them to humans via a bite or by other contact.
Vectors
Foodborne pathogens are grouped into two categories:
1) Those that produce toxins that poison the host
2) Those that infect the host and then grow there.
Food poisoning is most often caused by the bacterium _____________________, which produces enterotoxins that result in vomiting and diarrhea. The bacterium Clostridium botulinum is responsible for the disease _____, which is an extremely severe and sometimes fatal food poisoning.
Staphylococcus aureus
botulism
The pathogens that are most likely to be used as __________ use a variety of modes of transmission.
biological weapons
Included in this list of pathogens are:
The airborne bacterium Bacillus anthracis and the airborne Variola virus that causes smallpox;
the foodborne bacterium Clostridium botulinum ;
Yersina pestis, which requires a vector;
The Ebola virus, which requires direct bloodborne transmission
Why might biological weapons be more dangerous than man-made weapons?
-hard to detect/locate/cure
-hard to respond fast and effectively
-potentially cause widespread and long lasting harm as diseases can spread rapidly and affect large populations
-once released hard to control
-easier to make/access
Diseases that are spread via indirect contact in hospitals are specifically referred to as _____________
nosocomial infections.
- Do you think using pathogens has a biological weapon is of major concern today? Why or why not?
-yes, increasingly feasible for both state and non-state actors to develop and deploy such weapons
-In case of war and conflict, high-threat pathogens laboratories can be targeted, which might lead to serious public health consequences.
-Hard to detect and cure and prevent
- What are some common examples of direct transmission of pathogens? How can these modes of transmission be mitigated or prevented?
-person to person (hand hygiene)
-droplet transmission (clean )
-direct contact with infectious bodily fluid (cover mouth when sneezing)
-personal protective equipment (masks, glove etc)
- Explore the role of technology in tracking and preventing the transmission of infectious diseases. What are some examples of technological interventions that have been successful in controlling outbreaks?
-genomic sequencing (rapid sequencing of pathogen genomes, aids in development of targeted intervention and tracking)
-Digital disease surveillance systems (automated surveillance systems collect and analyze data from variou sources, including electronic health record)
-Wearable devices/mobile health (mobile apps, wearable devices can detect vital signs, track movement patterns and detect symptoms of diseases)
Why is it important to have a functioning immune system?
-Defense against pathogens
-Prevention of infections
-Detection and removal of abnormal cells
-Promotion of healing
- THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENCE
-Prevent _____ from entering the body
-_____ acts as a barrier
-______ membranes trap pathogens (found in nose, lungs, intestines)
-_____ acid destroys pathogens
pathogens
Skin
Mucus
Stomach
The Second Line of Defence
_______ are cells in the body which destroys pathogens → Found in _____ blood cells
Macrophages
white
surrounds the pathogen and takes it completely inside where both the pathogen and macrophage are destroyed.
Macrophage
Macrophage surrounds the pathogen and takes it completely inside where both the pathogen and macrophage are destroyed.
around an infected cut is made up of dead macrophages and pathogens
Pus
The Third Line of Defence:
_________
Chemicals that can determine if there is anything in your body that is not a part of you (non-self), i.e. pathogens.
Antibodies
An ______ is anything in your body that an antibody has determined to be non-self.
antigen
A particular antibody can only detect ____ antigen
one
When an antibody finds an ____, it will attach to it and the antibody will signal the body to produce lots of antibodies
antigen
Once the pathogen attaches to the antibody, it can ____ move therefore easier for the _______ to capture it and destroy it.
NOT
macrophages
General Vs. Specific Defences
General Defences
Defences that act against any pathogen
Example: skin, macrophages
Specific Defences
Defences that act against only 1 type of pathogen.
Example: antibodies
Function of blood:
Make ______
Bring ____ and ______ to where they are needed.
Macrophages are types of _____ blood cells
Another type of white blood cells produces antibodies
antibodies
antibodies and macrophages
white
Is made up of lymph fluid, lymph vessels and nodes, the thymus, the spleen and the tonsils
The Immune System
______ and _____ are produced by these tissues and organs (the immune system)
Macrophages and antibodies
Most pathogens are destroyed while they are in the _______
immune system
is a watery fluid that carries white blood cells and antibodies to where they are needed
Lymph
Lymph also carries ______ and harmful chemicals away
pathogens
is a large organ that produces and stores white blood cells and destroys foreign particles (pathogens)
Spleen
____ and _____ nodes are smaller structures that produce white blood cells and filter out pathogens and harmful chemicals
Tonsils and lymph
The body has _____ of types of antibodies. One specific type of antibody recognizes the new ____ that has invaded the body. (The antigen may be a whole pathogen or part of a pathogen)
thousands
antigen
When an antibody binds to its antigen, the antibody sends out a ______ that tells the body to make more copies of that antibody
chemical signal
In response to the chemical signal, the body begins to make thousands of copies of the antibody that recognized the antigen. The new copies of the antibody binds to all the remaining ______ in the body, which can then be destroyed by _____.
antigens
macrophages
Even when all antigens have been destroyed/no more infection, the body continues to make a higher number of the _____ that encountered its antigen. The body is “stocked up” with antibodies for the next time it encounters the pathogen.
antibody
Body makes antibodies against particles that are harmless such as:
plant pollen, cats or dogs dander, feathers, peanuts
An immune response to something that is not usually harmful
i.e. certain plants, certain animals, certain foods
Allergy
Common symptoms of allergy are __________________whenever they come in contact with an allergen
itchy eyes, runny nose, and sneezing whenever they come in contact with an allergen
An ______ is anything that causes an allergy
allergen
Some more severe reactions involve
swelling eyes or hives
a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction
Anaphylaxis
______ can be life-threatening if it occurs in the throat and blocks breathing
Swelling
Common Food Allergies in Canada
Eggs
Milk
Mustard
Peanuts
Crustaceans and molluscs
Fish
Sesame seeds
Soy
More _____ allergies may require prescription medication and hospitalization
severe
Treatment for allergies usually include non-prescription medicine such as ____________.
antihistamines
Quick ________ and ________are vital
symptom recognition and immediate
can be used to treat severe allergic reactions
Epipens
The immune system mistakes some of the person’s body cells as a ____________ and tries to destroy them
foreign substance
The immune system will slowly _____
destroy part of the body
A person’s immune system attacks cells in his/her own body
autoimmune disease
Treatment is available to treat the symptoms, but the disease ______ be cured.
cannot
Rheumatoid arthritis
Multiple sclerosis
Crohn’s disease
Psoriasis
are all examples of
autoimmune disease
Many medical workers, such as nurses and paramedics are required to receive vaccinations against influenza. Explain why an employer might make this requirement.
-Patient Safety: Prevents transmission to vulnerable patients.
-Outbreak Prevention: Creates a barrier against facility outbreaks.
-Staff Health: Reduces absenteeism and maintains a healthy workforce.
-Professional Responsibility: Demonstrates commitment to patient safety.
-Legal and Regulatory Compliance: Aligns with healthcare standards and obligations.
Why is an advantage for your body to have a high number of antibodies against a pathogen it has encountered?
-Enhanced Immune Response: Faster and more effective recognition and targeting.
-Increased Protection: Greater defense against reinfection by neutralizing pathogens.
-Long-term Immunity: Development of lasting protection through memory B cells.
-Reduced Severity: Milder illness and faster recovery upon reinfection.
-Herd Immunity: Contributes to community protection against disease transmission.
1861 Proposed ‘germs’ were the cause of disease
Louis Pasteur
1928
Accidently discovered the antibiotic penicillin( the first known antibiotic) when he was working with bacteria that was contaminated with mould
Sir Alexander Flemming
1932
-Sulfonamides antibiotic against Strepococcus
-1st synthetic antibiotic
Domagk
1939
-Tyrothricin-antibiotic against pneumonia
-1st commercially produced antibiotic
Dubos
1944
-antibiotic against Streptococcus
Streptomycin
1948
-antibiotic against typhoid fever
Chloramphenicol
Are powerful medicines that fight infections caused by bacteria, fungus and certain parasites
Antibiotics
Do or do not: antibiotics fight infections caused by viruses, such as colds, flu, most coughs, bronchitis or sore throats(unless caused by strep)
DO NOT
Bacteria that are killed or inhibited from reproducing in the presence of an antibiotic are:
antibiotic suspectible
Things to remember when using antibiotics:
-never take antibiotics without a prescription
-do not use leftover antibiotics from a earlier illness
-do not take antibiotics that was prescribed for someone else
follow the instructions on the medication
-take all of the medicine; even if you feel better in a few days
Bacteria which are not affected by antibiotics that should kill it or inhibits its growth is said to be:
antibiotic resistant
Antibiotic use can increase antibiotic resistant by 2 different processes:
1: ______________
Mutations occur naturally in all living organisms, bacteria containing the mutation survives and reproduces
Mutation in genetic material
2:__________
Bacteria can exchange genetic material by forming a tube between 2 bacteria and inject a piece of its DNA into the other bacteria by the process of conjugation (not true sexual reproduction)
Exchange of genetic material
Bacteria can exchange genetic material by forming a tube between 2 bacteria and inject a piece of its DNA into the other bacteria by the process of __________ (not true sexual reproduction)
conjugation
bacteria become resistance more quickly when antibiotics are used too often or not used correctly T/F?
TRUE
_________bacteria and ________bacteria are of great concern today
MRSA and VRE
____ bacteria are resistant to the antibiotic vancomyin, which is regarded as the drug of last resort
VRE
is regarded as the drug of last resort
antibiotic vancomyin
Used to treat infections caused by viruses
Antiviral drugs
-Used for a narrow range of viruses with limited effectiveness
-Only 11 antiviral drugs available , covering 4 types of viruses
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS:
-_________ is effective against herpes virus; it is not a cure, it may reduce pain of the a herpes outbreak and shorten the period of viral shedding
________ is used in treatment of influenza virus
Acyclovir(Zovirax)
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
Are used to destroy or inhibit the replication of retroviruses
Antiretroviral Drugs
__ main types of antiretroviral drugs, which block particular steps in the replication process
3
________ are viruses whose genetic material are composed of RNA rather than DNA
Retroviruses
The best known retrovirus is ____- human immuniodeficiency virus
HIV
Drugs do not cure, but:
significantly slows disease progression
general term given to substances that kill or slow the growth of microbes
Antimicrobial
collective name given to bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites
Microbes
Antimicrobial agents:
-tetracycline(antibiotic used to treat ____ tract infection
-Tamiflu (antiviral used to treat the ___)
- Lamisil ( antifungal used to treat ________)
-urinary
-flu
-althete’s foot
term given to substances that kill or slow the growth of bacteria when treating human and environmental surfaces. Ex. Hand soaps, dishwashing detergents
Antibacterial
Why is it important to use antibiotics wisely?
-Overuse or misuse can lead to development of antibiotic resistant bacteria
-Avoiding side effects
Describe 5 ways you can help prevent the spread of communicable diseases.
-Social distances
-Hand sanitizer
-Wash hands
-Wear masks if sick
-Clean areas
-Cover mouth when couching/sneezing
Discuss the various ways governments (Municipal, Provincial, or Federal) protect its citizens from pathogens.
-Quarantine
-Vaccinations
Do you think we are prepared to handle a major outbreak of a deadly pathogen today?
Yes because of covid we know what to do
During covid we are not so prepared especially in frontline they needed more staff who knew what to do (How to control outbreak/track origin)
GOARN stands for
Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network
During outbreaks, the _____________________ ensures that the right technical expertise and are skills are on the ground where and when they are needed most.
the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network
_____ is a collaboration of existing institutions and networks, constantly alert and ready to respond. The network pools human and technical resources for rapid identification, confirmation and response to outbreaks of international importance.
GOARN
_____ coordinates international outbreak response using resources from GOARN.
WHO
Started as a vision of a young 8 year old boy named Ryan in 1998; he wanted every people in the world to have clean water
Ryan’s Well Foundation
It supports the building of drilled deep or shallow wells, rehabilitation of existing drilled wells, rainwater harvesting tanks and protected springs.
Ryan’s Well Foundation
Also supports the building of latrines and hygiene education to stop the global water and sanitation crisis
Ryan’s Well Foundation
supports community-based organizations that are turning the tide of HIV/AIDS in Africa
Stephen Lewis Foundation
provide counselling and education about HIV prevention, care and treatment
Stephen Lewis Foundation
distributes food, medication and other necessities
Stephen Lewis Foundation
reach the sick and vulnerable through home-based health care
help orphans and vulnerable children access to education and work through their grief
support grandmothers caring for their orphaned grandchildren
Grandmothers to Grandmothers Campaign
Stephen Lewis Foundation
Provides emergency medical assistance to populations in danger around the world, Work in areas with insufficient health structures, Provides health care in remote health care centres, slum areas.
Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF)- Doctors Without Borders
Assists in rehabilitation of hospitals and dispensaries
Provides vaccinations programmes
Works with water and sanitation projects
Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF)- Doctors Without Borders
Canadian non-governmental organization which believes that water and sanitation initiatives must be a foreign aid priority for Canada (Also fights against global poverty)
Sanitation &Water Action Network (SWAN) Canada
Provides assistance to many countries in need such as providing water, sanitation and public health.
Oxfam
prevents malaria infections by providing communities with mosquito nets
Spread the Net
- It is important to support organizations such as Ryan’s Well Foundation and SWAN. Agree or Disagree?
yes, addressing various social, health and environmental issues
RWF provides clean water to communities in need
SWAN does same by providing water and sanitation
By supporting these organizations we contribute to positive changes and help improve the lives of those in need
- How can being involved in The Spread the Net school challenge be a benefit to us?
Social impact (contribute to worthy cause by raising funds, directly help lives of people at risk of contracting malaria)
Educational opportunity (learn about global health issues, specially malaria, how to prevent it etc
- Why is it so important for the existence of organizations such as GOARN and WHO?
