Medical Technology (Unit 1) Flashcards by Diya Vyas

what are the 4 primary vital signs

-body temperature
-heart rate
-blood pressure
-respirtion rate

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what are the 2 other vital signs

-pain
-oxgyen saturation

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what is normal body temperature

37 degree celcius

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Measures various physiological statistics to assess basic body functions

vital signs

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Hyperthermia

-temperature greater than 38 deg celc

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what is normal range for temperature

36-38 deg celc

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two types of Thermometers

-Glass thermometer-
use caution, hold in
place for 3 minutes
by tip

-Digital thermometer-
hold in place until it
beeps; usually takes
seconds; can be safely
used on small children
and adults

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what could cause hyperthermia

-caused by infection or hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) or DKA

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hypothermia

temperature lower than 36 deg celc

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what could cause hypothermia

-may be caused by
hypoglycemia (low blood
sugar)
-hypovolemia from
blood loss, anemia, and
narcotic use

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Oral temperature

oral thermometer placed under the tongue

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Axillary temperature

oral thermometer placed into the armpit

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Rectal temperature

rectal thermometer placed in the rectum; used primarily on
small children and infants

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side note for diffrence in the temps readings

-axillary temperature ½
degree lower than oral

-rectal temperature ½ degree higher than oral

-tympanic
temperature same as oral

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Tympanic temperature

ear thermometer placed in the ear

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Measure the force that
blood exerts against the
wall of a blood vessel.

Blood Pressure

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_____ reading is when
the ventricles contract
and forces blood into the
arteries

the high systolic
pressure

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________ reading is the
resting pressure (when heart is refilling, pause between)

the lower diastolic
pressure

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what device measures blood pressure

sphygmomanometer

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normal blood pressure is _______

120/80 mm Hg

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high blood pressure _____(name of it)___ is when the systolic number is persistently over _________

-(hypertension)
-140-160 mm Hg

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is physical expansion of the artery wall when blood enters the arteries during systole.

pulse

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the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure is called the _______

pulse pressure

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pulse varies with age true or false?

true

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as you grow older does your bpm increase or decrease?

decrease

Rapid pulse may be caused by?

-fever -drugs such as caffeine -nicotine -cocaine -or if the person is anemic or dehydrated

Slow pulse may be found in ______, or patients taking ______ or when you are ________

-athletes -drugs (beta blockers or calcium channel blockers) -sleeping/deep relaxation

average pule rate should be

60-100 bpm

is an involuntary process that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide

Breathing

is the process of breathing

Respiration

Varies with age; adult range _______ breaths/minutes

12-20 breaths/minutes

When included with the other 4 vital signs, ________ can reveal important information about a person’s health status

pain

Respiration is controlled by the ______

brain

Factors affecting oxygen levels in the blood (4)

-How much oxygen you breathe in -How well the alveoli swap carbon dioxide for oxygen -How much hemoglobin is concentrated in the red blood cells -How well hemoglobin attracts oxygen

Pain assessment tools: _________ using several faces ranging from smiling to tears

Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale-

Refers to the amount of oxygen being carried by your hemoglobin in your blood

Oxygen saturation

Saturation levels are usually between ______ for healthy adults

95% to 100%

ABG or Sao2 measure?

oxygen levels

The heart beats about ____times per minute (average)throughout your life

72 times per minute (average)

_______ leaves the lungs, goes to the heart, where it is pumped to the body

Oxygen-rich blood

________ blood leaves the heart en route to the lungs, where the blood is reoxygenated

Deoxygenated (no oxygen)

the (right or left?) pump circulates blood to the lungs (referred to as the ______ circuit)

right pump pulmonary circuit

and the ________ circulates blood to the body (referred to the ______ circuit)

left pump systemic

The upper chambers of the heart are the ________.

‘atria’ (singular atrium)

the atria receive blood from veins and pump the blood to the _______. They have _______ walls

ventricles thinner

The lower chambers of the heart are the ________

‘ventricles’.

The ventricles pump blood into ______ They have _______ walls

arteries thicker

separate the atria from the ventricles and prevent backflow of blood

Valves

The ‘lubb-dubb’ sound we often associate with heartbeats is a result of the valves opening or closing?

closing

The __________ valves are located between the atria and ventricles

atrio-ventricular (A-V)

the ________ are located between the ventricles and arteries going to the body

semilunar valves

Contraction of the atria is called ______ and the closing of the semilunar valves, causes the_____ sound.

diastole ‘dubb’

Contraction of the ventricles is called ______ and closing of the A-V valves causing the ____ sound

systole ‘Lubb’

Alcohol: It dilates the blood vessels of the skin causing a flushed sensation Results in an _______ in heat loss Ethanol molecules can easily diffuse from the _______ to the bloodstream (less than 2 minutes) It _______ the respiratory center which may result in death

increase small intestines depresses

Increase the amount of blood: (increase or decrease) in pressure

increase

Increase heart rate- (increase or decrease) the pressure

increase

Increase the diameter of arteries- (increase or decrease) blood pressure

decrease

Decrease the diameter- (increase or decrease) blood pressure

increase

Elasticity of the arteries Decrease the elasticity- (increase or decrease) blood pressure

increase

_______ reduces the body’s capacity to transport blood around the body.

Low blood pressure

__________ can weaken an artery, which might result in the artery rupturing

High blood pressure(hypertension)

Nicotine: ________ heart rate and blood pressure for up to one hour after inhaling due to nicotine-stimulated release of adrenalin

Increase

Caffeine: _______ heart rate and blood pressure

Increases

Nicotine enters the bloodstream from the lungs and causes the blood vessels to _______

constrict

_______: Hormones secreted by the adrenal gland (above kidney, two small glands)

Adrenalin

It is known as the ‘fight or flight’ hormone and causes an ______ in heart rate and blood pressure since it constricts the arteries

Adrenalin increase

Heartbeat Controlled in two ways:

Nervous control Chemical contro

Nervous control: Two pairs of nerves run from the brain to the heart _______ (speeds up) _______ (slow Down)

Stimulatory nerves Inhibitory nerves

______ consist of a bundle of nerves that functions to stimulate the muscle contractions of the right atrium –controlling the heartbeat

The pacemaker

example of chemical control of heartbeat

-increase in cellular respiration due to exercise -Changes in pH level due to increase in acidity( lactic acid build –up) (signal to brain have too much, pick up pace to try and clear out acid) -Hormones- adrenaline (body would react to that)

refers to the flow of air into and out of the lungs due to the pressure differences between atmospheric air and air in the lungs

Ventilation

during Inhalation:

rib cage; ribs move upward and outward Diaphragm contracts; moves down Volume increases Pressure in lungs decreases Air enters lungs to equalize pressure

During Exhalation:

ribs move inward and downward Diaphragm relaxes; moves up Volume decreases Pressure in lungs increases Air is forced out

Factors Influencing the Rate of Breathing

Alcohol(depresses rate) Drugs(caffeine-increases breathing rate) Smoking emotion temp Altitude-increase in altitude; decrease in O2; increases breathing rate Pollution Position(standing, sitting, lying down) exerise hormones

Refers to the different amounts of air drawn into or out of the lungs by the contractions of different muscle groups.

Primary lung Volumes

volume of air that moves into the lungs during each normal inspiration and expiration (give average)

Tidal volume( VT) At rest, healthy males is about 0.5L and 0.4 L in females.

does tidal volume increase or decrease with activity.

Increases

maximum volume of air which can be inhaled immediately after a normal inhalation (tidal inspired) (give average)

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) At rest, males approximately 3.1L and 2.4L in females.

does Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) increase or decrease with activity.

Decreases with exercise

maximum volume of air expired after a normal exhalation (give average)

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) At rest, males approximately 1.1L and 0.9L in females

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) increase or decrease with activity.

Decreases when exercising

volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration (give average)

Residual volume (RV) only removed when lung collapses approximately 1.2L for males and 0.9L for females

there are _____ lung capacities, each is the sum of two or more primary lung volumes

maximum amount of air expired after a maximum inhalation in a single breath (plus formula)

Vital capacity (VC) VC = IRV +VT +ERV

Maximum amount of air the lungs can hold at one time (plus formula)

Total lung capacity (TLC) TLC is the sum of the 4 primary lung volumes TLC = IRV + VT + ERV + RV

Maximum amount of air that can be insipid following a normal tidal expiration (and formula)

Inspiratory Capacity (IC) IC = IRV + VT

Volume of air left in lung following a normal tidal expiration. (and formula)

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) FRV = ERV + RV

The amount of air exchanged during tidal breathing is influenced by _______ and ________

tidal volume breathing rate.

Simple measurement of the volume if air inspired through tidal breathing in one minute. (calculation)

Minute volume (VM) VM = tidal volume (VT) x breathing rate (f)

Minute volume (VM) Overestimates the amount of air available for gas exchange because?

Some air is located in the airways and not in the alveoli where gas exchange occurs

The part of the respiratory system where gas exchange does not occur is referred to as:

dead space (VD) VD is about 150 ml of air

A more accurate measurement of air entering the alveoli in a one minute period (formula)

Alveolar ventilation (VA) VA = f x (VT – VD)

is athletes vital capacity likely be higher compared to a non-athlete?

YES

which is less Minute volume or Alveolar ventilation

Alveolar ventilation

Approximately 55% of blood is a liquid component called _______

plasma

About 45% of blood is ________

red blood cells (RBC)

Less the 1% is ________

white blood cells (WBC) and platelets

Plasma

-The liquid part of the blood -Mostly water -Transports some solid material like nutrients, waste, gas, and hormones

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

-Contains haemoglobin -Carries oxygen from the lungs -Shaped like discs -No nucleus

White Blood Cells (leukocytes)

-Protects body against invading microorganisms -Pus – fragments of WBCs and invading toxins -Contain nucleus

Platelets

Initiates blood clotting and closing tears in blood vessels

How body uses food for energy is affected Glucose blood levels are higher than normal (hyperglycemia)

Diabetes

Is the fuel for our cells from carbohydrates

Glucose

Glucose is carried in the

blood system

The hormone _____ is required before the muscles can use the glucose

insulin

Insulin is produced in the _______ in the _______

beta cells pancreas

Type 1 Diabetes

10% of diabetics Mainly in children and young adults Pancreas produces little or no insulin Requires daily injections of insulin

Cause of Type 1 Diabetes

-Cause is not fully understood -Probably in the genes -maybe triggered by a virus or chemical that destroys the beta cells in the pancreas

Type 2 Diabetes

-90% of diabetes -Affects adults over the year of 40 -Occurs as a result of insulin being used ineffectively (insulin resistance)

cause of type 2 diabetes

Family history Overweight Lack of exercise

how can type 2 diabetes be treated

Can be treated with healthy diet and exercise and medications

low (good for diabetic) glycemic foods vs high

Low: milk, wheat tortila, apple, 100% whol grain bread and peanuts High: corn flakes, white rice, pizza

Effects of Uncontrolled Diabetes

-Increased rate of heart disease, high blood pressure, poor circulation in legs and feet -Blindness due to diabetic retinopathy( most common cause of blindness under the age of 65) -Kidney disease -Feet problems- numbness, increase chance of injury and injection

smoking __________ oxygen in blood and increases healing time of wounds

decreases

Glucose levels can be monitored with a

glucose meter

Rise in Glucose Levels

Increase in carbohydrates in diet Stress Illness Not enough medication

Drop in Glucose Levels

Skipping meals or less carbohydrates More activity Too much medication Symptoms of hypoglcemia-shaking, dizziness, sweatiness, confusion, mood swings, rapid heart beat

Medications for diabetes

Pills Needles Insulin pen Insulin pump

what test used to diagnose diabetes

glucose test

most of the food you eat turns into ______

glucose/sugar

healthy people have ____________ that maintains homeostasis by keeping blood sugar levels relatively constant and within a normall range

feedback (control) mechanism

most of the cells in the body carry ____ for the inslulin hromone on their cell membranes

receptors

_____________ are used to produce images of the human body.

Medical scanners

Standard X-rays (3)

-Beam of X-rays passes through the body and then strikes a photographic plate -Radiodense tissues block X-ray penetration, leaving unexposed (white) areas on the film negative -Produces a 2D image

Used to detect a fracture, or tumour in bones and skull; pneumonia or tuberculosis in the chest

Standard X-rays

is able to create an internal image of the human body by using a combination of X-rays and computers -produce 3-D images of soft tissue inside the body

Computerized Tomography (CT or CAT scan)

_______ of the head, abdominal region(liver, pancreas, kidney) chest and spine are taken to assess organ size and position to determine progression of a disease, and for detection of abnormal masses

CT scans

Position Emission Tomography (PET)

-Produces a 3D image of the human body -A person in usually injected with a radiotracer and it emits radiation over a specific time frame -The PET scan detects the radiation and creates a 3D image

Cancer cells take up the radiotracer faster and therefore can show where cancer is present in the body can be used to investigate metabolic changes at the cellular level in various organs or tissues (WHAT DEVICE?)

PET SCAN

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

-Patient is subjected to a strong magnetic field and a sequence of radio waves to create the images. -No radiation involved, safe for pregnant women -Because a magnetic field is being used, no metallic material cannot be placed inside the scanner (rings, piercings, pacemaker)

No radiation involved, safe for pregnant women (what device)

MRI

____ gives excellent contrast of normal and abnormal tissues, tumour progression, aneurysms and determining the extent of a disease

MRI

A transducer contacting the skin or other body surface sends out sound waves and then picks up echoes to create an image

Ultrasonography

Used in obstetrics, to detect ectopic pregnancy, determine fetal size, check fetal rate of growth

Ultrasonography

Upper abdominal _______ can detect gallstones or other visceral abnormalities Is viewed in real time, no waiting for results

ultrasound

An ________ uses sound waves to produce a live image of the heart

Echocardiography

Used to assess the structure and function of the heart (ie. leaky heart valves )

Echocardiography

The image produced in Echocardiography is called an

echocardiogram

An ______ is a test that takes X-ray pictures of the coronary arteries and the vessels that supply blood to the heart

angiogram

A special dye is placed into the coronary arteries of the heart to flow blood flow through the heart. (what diagnostic test?)

angiogram

Graphical recording of the electrical activity of the heart using electrodes on the skin surface

Electrocardiography (ECG)

Useful in detection of arrhythmias and assessing damage after a heart attack

Electrocardiography (ECG)

Graphical recording of the electrical activity in the brain using electrodes on the surface of the scalp

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Analysis of brain wave frequency and amplification aids in the diagnosis of tumours, seizure disorders, and strokes

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Graphical recording of the electrical activity resulting from skeletal muscle contraction using electrodes inserted into the muscles

Electromyography (EMG)

Insertion of fiber optic tubing into body orifice (body opening) or through small incision (laparoscopy and arthroscopy)

Endoscopy

Determination of neural or muscular origin of muscle disorder Aids in the diagnosis of muscular dystrophy and other neuromuscular disorders (what diagnostic device?)

Electromyography (EMG)

Permits visualization of body cavity or organ interior and detection of abnormalities of surrounding soft tissue

Endoscopy

bronchoscopy: cystoscopy: esophagoscopy: gastroscopy: colonoscopy: arthroscopy:

bronchoscopy: bronchus and lungs cystoscopy: urinary bladder esophagoscopy: esophagus gastroscopy: stomach colonoscopy: colon arthroscopy: joint cavity

Endoscope called a ________; small tube that has a light and a camera to relay images to a monitor

laparoscope

Used to diagnose conditions that develop in the digestive system, urinary system and female reproductive system also referred to as ‘keyhole’ surgery, performed through small incisions

Laparoscopy

ex of pulmonary function test

Ex. Spirometry test

an x-ray of the breast that uses low doses of radiation

Mammography

picture made during mammography is called a

mammogram

Used to diagnose tumours in breast

tests that show how well the lungs are working tests measure lung volume, capacity, rates of flow, and gas exchange.

Pulmonary Function Test

A synthetic substitute for human skin that is made to replace burnt skin

ARTIFICIAL SKIN

Skin consist of two layers; the ________ (the outer layer) and ________( the inner layer)

epidermis dermis

plays an important role in covering the body to keep out harmful bacteria and vital fluids in

Skin

is made up of polymers (collagen fibers and a long sugar molecule) that form a porous membrane that resembles the dermis layer

Synthetic skin

Test performed during pregnancy to check for birth defects, genetic disorders ( sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis) or chromosomes problems(Down Syndrome, Spina bifida)

AMNIOCENTESIS

A long thin needle is inserted through the abdomen and into the uterus and a small amount of fluid that surrounds the baby is removed

AMNIOCENTESIS

contains cells that was shed from the fetus; the cells contain chromosomes which can be checked for defects

Amniotic fluid

Filters waste using the peritoneal membrane inside the abdomen Special solutions to remove toxins is placed in abdomen, then later drained Must be done daily and at home

Peritoneal dialysis

Blood is filtered outside of body through a special machine Done 3 times a week, each session lasts 3-4 hours

Hemodialysis

Device designed to replace a missing body part or make a part work better

PROSTHESIS

A method of removing toxins from the blood when the kidneys is unable to do so

DIALYSIS

what dialysis must be done at home

Peritoneal dialysis

Monitors heart rhythms and can deliver an electric shock to the heart to restart the heart

AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR (AED)

A small device placed under the skin in the chest wall to regulate a person’s heartbeat

PACEMAKER

This device uses electrical pulses to prompt the heart to beat at a normal rate.

PACEMAKER

procedure to open narrowed or blocked coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart.

ANGIOPLASTY

in angioplasty the narrow opening maybe widened by using a ________ or a _______

balloon or stent

A coronary artery ______ is a small, metal mesh tube that expands inside a coronary artery.

stent

Device which amplifies sound so it can be detected by damaged ears.

HEARING AIDS

Device which allows a deaf person to hear representative sounds by stimulating the auditory nerve

COCHLEAR IMPLANTS

Device used to deliver insulin continuously 24 hours a day

INSULIN PUMP

It helps a person to control their blood sugar level better minimizes the effects of hypoglycemia Closest device to an artificial pancreas

INSULIN PUMP

includes a small disposable sensor that is worn under the skin (often on the stomach or arm). The sensor tests sugar levels every few minutes and sends this information to an attached transmitter and, usually, to a separate receiving device, such as a smart phone

CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITOR (CGM)

Alternative medicine: Most of these treatments are taught in medical school true or false?

false

COCHLEAR IMPLANTS restores normal healing true or false

FALSE

Any form of practice that does not use conventional medicine techniques.

Alternative Medicine

Surgical tasks are directly performed by a robotic system controlled by the surgeon at the remote site

REMOTE SURGERY

a wearable device that tracks blood glucose (sugar) every few minutes, 24/7

CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITOR (CGM)

Also called telesurgery, performed by a surgeon at a site removed from the patient.

Remotesurgery

Involves the penetration of the skin with thin solid metallic needles which are manipulated by hand or electrical stimulation.

Acupuncture

“treatment using scents”

Aromatherapy

5 broad categories of alternative medicine

-Alternative medical systems -mind body interventiosn -3. Biologically-based therapies Manipulative and Body-Based Methods\ -energy therapies