Medical Technology (Unit 1) Flashcards
what are the 4 primary vital signs
-body temperature
-heart rate
-blood pressure
-respirtion rate
what are the 2 other vital signs
-pain
-oxgyen saturation
what is normal body temperature
37 degree celcius
Measures various physiological statistics to assess basic body functions
vital signs
Hyperthermia
-temperature greater than 38 deg celc
what is normal range for temperature
36-38 deg celc
two types of Thermometers
-Glass thermometer-
use caution, hold in
place for 3 minutes
by tip
-Digital thermometer-
hold in place until it
beeps; usually takes
seconds; can be safely
used on small children
and adults
what could cause hyperthermia
-caused by infection or hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) or DKA
hypothermia
temperature lower than 36 deg celc
what could cause hypothermia
-may be caused by
hypoglycemia (low blood
sugar)
-hypovolemia from
blood loss, anemia, and
narcotic use
Oral temperature
oral thermometer placed under the tongue
Axillary temperature
oral thermometer placed into the armpit
Rectal temperature
rectal thermometer placed in the rectum; used primarily on
small children and infants
side note for diffrence in the temps readings
-axillary temperature ½
degree lower than oral
-rectal temperature ½ degree higher than oral
-tympanic
temperature same as oral
Tympanic temperature
ear thermometer placed in the ear
Measure the force that
blood exerts against the
wall of a blood vessel.
Blood Pressure
_____ reading is when
the ventricles contract
and forces blood into the
arteries
the high systolic
pressure
________ reading is the
resting pressure (when heart is refilling, pause between)
the lower diastolic
pressure
what device measures blood pressure
sphygmomanometer
normal blood pressure is _______
120/80 mm Hg
high blood pressure _____(name of it)___ is when the systolic number is persistently over _________
-(hypertension)
-140-160 mm Hg
is physical expansion of the artery wall when blood enters the arteries during systole.
pulse
the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure is called the _______
pulse pressure
pulse varies with age true or false?
true
as you grow older does your bpm increase or decrease?
decrease
Rapid pulse may be caused by?
-fever
-drugs such as caffeine
-nicotine
-cocaine
-or if the person is anemic or dehydrated
Slow pulse may be found in ______, or patients taking ______ or when you are ________
-athletes
-drugs (beta blockers or calcium channel blockers)
-sleeping/deep relaxation
average pule rate should be
60-100 bpm
is an involuntary process that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
Breathing
is the process of breathing
Respiration
Varies with age; adult range _______ breaths/minutes
12-20 breaths/minutes
When included with the other 4 vital signs, ________ can reveal important information about a person’s health status
pain
Respiration is controlled by the ______
brain
Factors affecting oxygen levels in the blood (4)
-How much oxygen you breathe in
-How well the alveoli swap carbon dioxide for oxygen
-How much hemoglobin is concentrated in the red blood cells
-How well hemoglobin attracts oxygen
Pain assessment tools: _________ using several faces ranging from smiling to tears
Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale-
Refers to the amount of oxygen being carried by your hemoglobin in your blood
Oxygen saturation
Saturation levels are usually between ______ for healthy adults
95% to 100%
ABG or Sao2 measure?
oxygen levels
The heart beats about ____times per minute (average)throughout your life
72 times per minute (average)
_______ leaves the lungs, goes to the heart, where it is pumped to the body
Oxygen-rich blood
________ blood leaves the heart en route to the lungs, where the blood is reoxygenated
Deoxygenated (no oxygen)
the (right or left?) pump circulates blood to the lungs (referred to as the ______ circuit)
right pump
pulmonary circuit
and the ________ circulates blood to the body (referred to the ______ circuit)
left pump
systemic
The upper chambers of the heart are the ________.
‘atria’ (singular atrium)
the atria receive blood from veins and pump the blood to the _______. They have _______ walls
ventricles
thinner
The lower chambers of the heart are the ________
‘ventricles’.
The ventricles pump blood into ______ They have _______ walls
arteries
thicker
separate the atria from the ventricles and prevent backflow of blood
Valves
The ‘lubb-dubb’ sound we often associate with heartbeats is a result of the valves opening or closing?
closing
The __________ valves are located between the atria and ventricles
atrio-ventricular (A-V)
the ________ are located between the ventricles and arteries going to the body
semilunar valves
Contraction of the atria is called ______ and the closing of the semilunar valves, causes the_____ sound.
diastole
‘dubb’
Contraction of the ventricles is called ______ and closing of the A-V valves causing the ____ sound
systole
‘Lubb’
Alcohol: It dilates the blood vessels of the skin causing a flushed sensation
Results in an _______ in heat loss
Ethanol molecules can easily diffuse from the _______ to the bloodstream (less than 2 minutes)
It _______ the respiratory center which may result in death
increase
small intestines
depresses
Increase the amount of blood: (increase or decrease) in pressure
increase
Increase heart rate- (increase or decrease) the pressure
increase
Increase the diameter of arteries- (increase or decrease) blood pressure
decrease
Decrease the diameter- (increase or decrease) blood pressure
increase
Elasticity of the arteries
Decrease the elasticity- (increase or decrease) blood pressure
increase
_______ reduces the body’s capacity to transport blood around the body.
Low blood pressure
__________ can weaken an artery, which might result in the artery rupturing
High blood pressure(hypertension)
Nicotine:
________ heart rate and blood pressure for up to one hour after inhaling due to nicotine-stimulated release of adrenalin
Increase
Caffeine:
_______ heart rate and blood pressure
Increases
Nicotine enters the bloodstream from the lungs and causes the blood vessels to _______
constrict
_______: Hormones secreted by the adrenal gland (above kidney, two small glands)
Adrenalin
It is known as the ‘fight or flight’ hormone and causes an ______ in heart rate and blood pressure since it constricts the arteries
Adrenalin
increase
Heartbeat
Controlled in two ways:
Nervous control
Chemical contro
Nervous control: Two pairs of nerves run from the brain to the heart
_______ (speeds up)
_______ (slow Down)
Stimulatory nerves
Inhibitory nerves
______ consist of a bundle of nerves that functions to stimulate the muscle contractions of the right atrium –controlling the heartbeat
The pacemaker
example of chemical control of heartbeat
-increase in cellular respiration due to exercise
-Changes in pH level due to increase in acidity( lactic acid build –up) (signal to brain have too much, pick up pace to try and clear out acid)
-Hormones- adrenaline
(body would react to that)
refers to the flow of air into and out of the lungs due to the pressure differences between atmospheric air and air in the lungs
Ventilation
during Inhalation:
rib cage; ribs move upward and outward
Diaphragm contracts; moves down
Volume increases
Pressure in lungs decreases
Air enters lungs to equalize pressure
During Exhalation:
ribs move inward and downward
Diaphragm relaxes; moves up
Volume decreases
Pressure in lungs increases
Air is forced out
Factors Influencing the Rate of Breathing
Alcohol(depresses rate)
Drugs(caffeine-increases breathing rate)
Smoking
emotion
temp
Altitude-increase in altitude; decrease in O2; increases breathing rate
Pollution
Position(standing, sitting, lying down)
exerise
hormones
Refers to the different amounts of air drawn into or out of the lungs by the contractions of different muscle groups.
Primary lung Volumes
volume of air that moves into the lungs during each normal inspiration and expiration (give average)
Tidal volume( VT)
At rest, healthy males is about 0.5L and 0.4 L in females.
does tidal volume increase or decrease with activity.
Increases
maximum volume of air which can be inhaled immediately after a normal inhalation (tidal inspired) (give average)
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
At rest, males approximately 3.1L and 2.4L in females.
does Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) increase or decrease with activity.
Decreases with exercise
maximum volume of air expired after a normal exhalation (give average)
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
At rest, males approximately 1.1L and 0.9L in females
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) increase or decrease with activity.
Decreases when exercising
volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration (give average)
Residual volume (RV)
only removed when lung collapses
approximately 1.2L for males and 0.9L for females
there are _____ lung capacities, each is the sum of two or more primary lung volumes
4
maximum amount of air expired after a maximum inhalation in a single breath (plus formula)
Vital capacity (VC)
VC = IRV +VT +ERV
Maximum amount of air the lungs can hold at one time (plus formula)
Total lung capacity (TLC)
TLC is the sum of the 4 primary lung volumes
TLC = IRV + VT + ERV + RV
Maximum amount of air that can be insipid following a normal tidal expiration (and formula)
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
IC = IRV + VT
Volume of air left in lung following a normal tidal expiration. (and formula)
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
FRV = ERV + RV
The amount of air exchanged during tidal breathing is influenced by _______ and ________
tidal volume
breathing rate.
Simple measurement of the volume if air inspired through tidal breathing in one minute. (calculation)
Minute volume (VM)
VM = tidal volume (VT) x breathing rate (f)
Minute volume (VM) Overestimates the amount of air available for gas exchange because?
Some air is located in the airways and not in the alveoli where gas exchange occurs
The part of the respiratory system where gas exchange does not occur is referred to as:
dead space (VD)
VD is about 150 ml of air
A more accurate measurement of air entering the alveoli in a one minute period (formula)
Alveolar ventilation (VA)
VA = f x (VT – VD)
is athletes vital capacity likely be higher compared to a non-athlete?
YES
which is less Minute volume or Alveolar ventilation
Alveolar ventilation
Approximately 55% of blood is a liquid component called _______
plasma
About 45% of blood is ________
red blood cells (RBC)
Less the 1% is ________
white blood cells (WBC) and platelets
Plasma
-The liquid part of the blood
-Mostly water
-Transports some solid material like nutrients, waste, gas, and hormones
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
-Contains haemoglobin
-Carries oxygen from the lungs
-Shaped like discs
-No nucleus
White Blood Cells (leukocytes)
-Protects body against invading microorganisms
-Pus – fragments of WBCs and invading toxins
-Contain nucleus
Platelets
Initiates blood clotting and closing tears in blood vessels
How body uses food for energy is affected
Glucose blood levels are higher than normal (hyperglycemia)
Diabetes
Is the fuel for our cells from carbohydrates
Glucose
Glucose is carried in the
blood system
The hormone _____ is required before the muscles can use the glucose
insulin
Insulin is produced in the _______ in the _______
beta cells
pancreas
Type 1 Diabetes
10% of diabetics
Mainly in children and young adults
Pancreas produces little or no insulin
Requires daily injections of insulin
Cause of Type 1 Diabetes
-Cause is not fully understood
-Probably in the genes
-maybe triggered by a virus or chemical that destroys the beta cells in the pancreas
Type 2 Diabetes
-90% of diabetes
-Affects adults over the year of 40
-Occurs as a result of insulin being used ineffectively (insulin resistance)
cause of type 2 diabetes
Family history
Overweight
Lack of exercise
how can type 2 diabetes be treated
Can be treated with healthy diet and exercise and medications
low (good for diabetic) glycemic foods vs high
Low: milk, wheat tortila, apple, 100% whol grain bread and peanuts
High: corn flakes, white rice, pizza
Effects of Uncontrolled Diabetes
-Increased rate of heart disease, high blood pressure, poor circulation in legs and feet
-Blindness due to diabetic retinopathy( most common cause of blindness under the age of 65)
-Kidney disease
-Feet problems- numbness, increase chance of injury and injection
smoking __________ oxygen in blood and increases healing time of wounds
decreases
Glucose levels can be monitored with a
glucose meter
Rise in Glucose Levels
Increase in carbohydrates in diet
Stress
Illness
Not enough medication
Drop in Glucose Levels
Skipping meals or less carbohydrates
More activity
Too much medication
Symptoms of hypoglcemia-shaking, dizziness, sweatiness, confusion, mood swings, rapid heart beat
Medications for diabetes
Pills
Needles
Insulin pen
Insulin pump
what test used to diagnose diabetes
glucose test
most of the food you eat turns into ______
glucose/sugar
healthy people have ____________ that maintains homeostasis by keeping blood sugar levels relatively constant and within a normall range
feedback (control) mechanism
most of the cells in the body carry ____ for the inslulin hromone on their cell membranes
receptors
_____________ are used to produce images of the human body.
Medical scanners
Standard X-rays (3)
-Beam of X-rays passes through the body and then strikes a photographic plate
-Radiodense tissues block X-ray penetration, leaving unexposed (white) areas on the film negative
-Produces a 2D image
Used to detect a fracture, or tumour in bones and skull; pneumonia or tuberculosis in the chest
Standard X-rays
is able to create an internal image of the human body by using a combination of X-rays and computers
-produce 3-D images of soft tissue inside the body
Computerized Tomography (CT or CAT scan)
_______ of the head, abdominal region(liver, pancreas, kidney) chest and spine are taken to assess organ size and position to determine progression of a disease, and for detection of abnormal masses
CT scans
Position Emission Tomography (PET)
-Produces a 3D image of the human body
-A person in usually injected with a radiotracer and it emits radiation over a specific time frame
-The PET scan detects the radiation and creates a 3D image
Cancer cells take up the radiotracer faster and therefore can show where cancer is present in the body
can be used to investigate metabolic changes at the cellular level in various organs or tissues (WHAT DEVICE?)
PET SCAN
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
-Patient is subjected to a strong magnetic field and a sequence of radio waves to create the images.
-No radiation involved, safe for pregnant women
-Because a magnetic field is being used, no metallic material cannot be placed inside the scanner (rings, piercings, pacemaker)
No radiation involved, safe for pregnant women (what device)
MRI
____ gives excellent contrast of normal and abnormal tissues, tumour progression, aneurysms and determining the extent of a disease
MRI
A transducer contacting the skin or other body surface sends out sound waves and then picks up echoes to create an image
Ultrasonography
Used in obstetrics, to detect ectopic pregnancy, determine fetal size, check fetal rate of growth
Ultrasonography
Upper abdominal _______ can detect gallstones or other visceral abnormalities
Is viewed in real time, no waiting for results
ultrasound
An ________ uses sound waves to produce a live image of the heart
Echocardiography
Used to assess the structure and function of the heart (ie. leaky heart valves )
Echocardiography
The image produced in Echocardiography is called an
echocardiogram
An ______ is a test that takes X-ray pictures of the coronary arteries and the vessels that supply blood to the heart
angiogram
A special dye is placed into the coronary arteries of the heart to flow blood flow through the heart. (what diagnostic test?)
angiogram
Graphical recording of the electrical activity of the heart using electrodes on the skin surface
Electrocardiography (ECG)
Useful in detection of arrhythmias and assessing damage after a heart attack
Electrocardiography (ECG)
Graphical recording of the electrical activity in the brain using electrodes on the surface of the scalp
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Analysis of brain wave frequency and amplification aids in the diagnosis of tumours, seizure disorders, and strokes
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Graphical recording of the electrical activity resulting from skeletal muscle contraction using electrodes inserted into the muscles
Electromyography (EMG)
Insertion of fiber optic tubing into body orifice (body opening) or through small incision (laparoscopy and arthroscopy)
Endoscopy
Determination of neural or muscular origin of muscle disorder
Aids in the diagnosis of muscular dystrophy and other neuromuscular disorders (what diagnostic device?)
Electromyography (EMG)
Permits visualization of body cavity or organ interior and detection of abnormalities of surrounding soft tissue
Endoscopy
bronchoscopy:
cystoscopy:
esophagoscopy:
gastroscopy:
colonoscopy:
arthroscopy:
bronchoscopy: bronchus and lungs
cystoscopy: urinary bladder
esophagoscopy: esophagus
gastroscopy: stomach
colonoscopy: colon
arthroscopy: joint cavity
Endoscope called a ________; small tube that has a light and a camera to relay images to a monitor
laparoscope
Used to diagnose conditions that develop in the digestive system, urinary system and female reproductive system
also referred to as ‘keyhole’ surgery, performed through small incisions
Laparoscopy
ex of pulmonary function test
Ex. Spirometry test
an x-ray of the breast that uses low doses of radiation
Mammography
picture made during mammography is called a
mammogram
Used to diagnose tumours in breast
Used to diagnose tumours in breast
tests that show how well the lungs are working
tests measure lung volume, capacity, rates of flow, and gas exchange.
Pulmonary Function Test
A synthetic substitute for human skin that is made to replace burnt skin
ARTIFICIAL SKIN
Skin consist of two layers; the ________ (the outer layer) and ________( the inner layer)
epidermis
dermis
plays an important role in covering the body to keep out harmful bacteria and vital fluids in
Skin
is made up of polymers (collagen fibers and a long sugar molecule) that form a porous membrane that resembles the dermis layer
Synthetic skin
Test performed during pregnancy to check for birth defects, genetic disorders ( sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis) or chromosomes problems(Down Syndrome, Spina bifida)
AMNIOCENTESIS
A long thin needle is inserted through the abdomen and into the uterus and a small amount of fluid that surrounds the baby is removed
AMNIOCENTESIS
contains cells that was shed from the fetus; the cells contain chromosomes which can be checked for defects
Amniotic fluid
Filters waste using the peritoneal membrane inside the abdomen
Special solutions to remove toxins is placed in abdomen, then later drained
Must be done daily and at home
Peritoneal dialysis
Blood is filtered outside of body through a special machine
Done 3 times a week, each session lasts 3-4 hours
Hemodialysis
Device designed to replace a missing body part or make a part work better
PROSTHESIS
A method of removing toxins from the blood when the kidneys is unable to do so
DIALYSIS
what dialysis must be done at home
Peritoneal dialysis
Monitors heart rhythms and can deliver an electric shock to the heart to restart the heart
AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR (AED)
A small device placed under the skin in the chest wall to regulate a person’s heartbeat
PACEMAKER
This device uses electrical pulses to prompt the heart to beat at a normal rate.
PACEMAKER
procedure to open narrowed or blocked coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart.
ANGIOPLASTY
in angioplasty the narrow opening maybe widened by using a ________ or a _______
balloon or stent
A coronary artery ______ is a small, metal mesh tube that expands inside a coronary artery.
stent
Device which amplifies sound so it can be detected by damaged ears.
HEARING AIDS
Device which allows a deaf person to hear representative sounds by stimulating the auditory nerve
COCHLEAR IMPLANTS
Device used to deliver insulin continuously 24 hours a day
INSULIN PUMP
It helps a person to control their blood sugar level better minimizes the effects of hypoglycemia
Closest device to an artificial pancreas
INSULIN PUMP
includes a small disposable sensor that is worn under the skin (often on the stomach or arm).
The sensor tests sugar levels every few minutes and sends this information to an attached transmitter and, usually, to a separate receiving device, such as a smart phone
CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITOR (CGM)
Alternative medicine: Most of these treatments are taught in medical school true or false?
false
COCHLEAR IMPLANTS restores normal healing true or false
FALSE
Any form of practice that does not use conventional medicine techniques.
Alternative Medicine
Surgical tasks are directly performed by a robotic system controlled by the surgeon at the remote site
REMOTE SURGERY
a wearable device that tracks blood glucose (sugar) every few minutes, 24/7
CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITOR (CGM)
Also called telesurgery, performed by a surgeon at a site removed from the patient.
Remotesurgery
Involves the penetration of the skin with thin solid metallic needles which are manipulated by hand or electrical stimulation.
Acupuncture
“treatment using scents”
Aromatherapy
5 broad categories of alternative medicine
-Alternative medical systems
-mind body interventiosn
-3. Biologically-based therapies
Manipulative and Body-Based Methods\
-energy therapies
