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Medtech 12 > Medical Technology (Unit 1) > Flashcards

Medical Technology (Unit 1) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 primary vital signs

A

-body temperature
-heart rate
-blood pressure
-respirtion rate

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2
Q

what are the 2 other vital signs

A

-pain
-oxgyen saturation

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3
Q

what is normal body temperature

A

37 degree celcius

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3
Q

Measures various physiological statistics to assess basic body functions

A

vital signs

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4
Q

Hyperthermia

A

-temperature greater than 38 deg celc

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4
Q

what is normal range for temperature

A

36-38 deg celc

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5
Q

two types of Thermometers

A

-Glass thermometer-
use caution, hold in
place for 3 minutes
by tip

-Digital thermometer-
hold in place until it
beeps; usually takes
seconds; can be safely
used on small children
and adults

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6
Q

what could cause hyperthermia

A

-caused by infection or hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) or DKA

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7
Q

hypothermia

A

temperature lower than 36 deg celc

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8
Q

what could cause hypothermia

A

-may be caused by
hypoglycemia (low blood
sugar)
-hypovolemia from
blood loss, anemia, and
narcotic use

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9
Q

Oral temperature

A

oral thermometer placed under the tongue

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10
Q

Axillary temperature

A

oral thermometer placed into the armpit

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11
Q

Rectal temperature

A

rectal thermometer placed in the rectum; used primarily on
small children and infants

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12
Q

side note for diffrence in the temps readings

A

-axillary temperature ½
degree lower than oral

-rectal temperature ½ degree higher than oral

-tympanic
temperature same as oral

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12
Q

Tympanic temperature

A

ear thermometer placed in the ear

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13
Q

Measure the force that
blood exerts against the
wall of a blood vessel.

A

Blood Pressure

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14
Q

_____ reading is when
the ventricles contract
and forces blood into the
arteries

A

the high systolic
pressure

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14
Q

________ reading is the
resting pressure (when heart is refilling, pause between)

A

the lower diastolic
pressure

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15
Q

what device measures blood pressure

A

sphygmomanometer

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16
Q

normal blood pressure is _______

A

120/80 mm Hg

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17
Q

high blood pressure _____(name of it)___ is when the systolic number is persistently over _________

A

-(hypertension)
-140-160 mm Hg

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18
Q

is physical expansion of the artery wall when blood enters the arteries during systole.

A

pulse

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19
Q

the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure is called the _______

A

pulse pressure

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20
Q

pulse varies with age true or false?

A

true

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21
Q

as you grow older does your bpm increase or decrease?

A

decrease

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22
Q

Rapid pulse may be caused by?

A

-fever
-drugs such as caffeine
-nicotine
-cocaine
-or if the person is anemic or dehydrated

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23
Q

Slow pulse may be found in ______, or patients taking ______ or when you are ________

A

-athletes
-drugs (beta blockers or calcium channel blockers)
-sleeping/deep relaxation

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24
Q

average pule rate should be

A

60-100 bpm

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25
Q

is an involuntary process that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

Breathing

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26
Q

is the process of breathing

A

Respiration

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27
Q

Varies with age; adult range _______ breaths/minutes

A

12-20 breaths/minutes

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28
Q

When included with the other 4 vital signs, ________ can reveal important information about a person’s health status

A

pain

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28
Q

Respiration is controlled by the ______

A

brain

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29
Q

Factors affecting oxygen levels in the blood (4)

A

-How much oxygen you breathe in
-How well the alveoli swap carbon dioxide for oxygen
-How much hemoglobin is concentrated in the red blood cells
-How well hemoglobin attracts oxygen

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29
Q

Pain assessment tools: _________ using several faces ranging from smiling to tears

A

Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale-

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30
Q

Refers to the amount of oxygen being carried by your hemoglobin in your blood

A

Oxygen saturation

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31
Q

Saturation levels are usually between ______ for healthy adults

A

95% to 100%

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32
Q

ABG or Sao2 measure?

A

oxygen levels

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32
Q

The heart beats about ____times per minute (average)throughout your life

A

72 times per minute (average)

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33
Q

_______ leaves the lungs, goes to the heart, where it is pumped to the body

A

Oxygen-rich blood

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34
Q

________ blood leaves the heart en route to the lungs, where the blood is reoxygenated

A

Deoxygenated (no oxygen)

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34
Q

the (right or left?) pump circulates blood to the lungs (referred to as the ______ circuit)

A

right pump
pulmonary circuit

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35
Q

and the ________ circulates blood to the body (referred to the ______ circuit)

A

left pump
systemic

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36
Q

The upper chambers of the heart are the ________.

A

‘atria’ (singular atrium)

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36
Q

the atria receive blood from veins and pump the blood to the _______. They have _______ walls

A

ventricles
thinner

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37
Q

The lower chambers of the heart are the ________

A

‘ventricles’.

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37
Q

The ventricles pump blood into ______ They have _______ walls

A

arteries
thicker

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37
Q

separate the atria from the ventricles and prevent backflow of blood

A

Valves

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38
Q

The ‘lubb-dubb’ sound we often associate with heartbeats is a result of the valves opening or closing?

A

closing

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39
Q

The __________ valves are located between the atria and ventricles

A

atrio-ventricular (A-V)

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39
Q

the ________ are located between the ventricles and arteries going to the body

A

semilunar valves

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40
Q

Contraction of the atria is called ______ and the closing of the semilunar valves, causes the_____ sound.

A

diastole
‘dubb’

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40
Q

Contraction of the ventricles is called ______ and closing of the A-V valves causing the ____ sound

A

systole
‘Lubb’

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41
Q

Alcohol: It dilates the blood vessels of the skin causing a flushed sensation
Results in an _______ in heat loss

Ethanol molecules can easily diffuse from the _______ to the bloodstream (less than 2 minutes)

It _______ the respiratory center which may result in death

A

increase
small intestines
depresses

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41
Q

Increase the amount of blood: (increase or decrease) in pressure

A

increase

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42
Q

Increase heart rate- (increase or decrease) the pressure

A

increase

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43
Q

Increase the diameter of arteries- (increase or decrease) blood pressure

A

decrease

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44
Q

Decrease the diameter- (increase or decrease) blood pressure

A

increase

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44
Q

Elasticity of the arteries
Decrease the elasticity- (increase or decrease) blood pressure

A

increase

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45
Q

_______ reduces the body’s capacity to transport blood around the body.

A

Low blood pressure

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45
Q

__________ can weaken an artery, which might result in the artery rupturing

A

High blood pressure(hypertension)

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46
Q

Nicotine:
________ heart rate and blood pressure for up to one hour after inhaling due to nicotine-stimulated release of adrenalin

A

Increase

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46
Q

Caffeine:
_______ heart rate and blood pressure

A

Increases

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46
Q

Nicotine enters the bloodstream from the lungs and causes the blood vessels to _______

A

constrict

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47
Q

_______: Hormones secreted by the adrenal gland (above kidney, two small glands)

A

Adrenalin

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47
Q

It is known as the ‘fight or flight’ hormone and causes an ______ in heart rate and blood pressure since it constricts the arteries

A

Adrenalin
increase

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47
Q

Heartbeat
Controlled in two ways:

A

Nervous control
Chemical contro

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48
Q

Nervous control: Two pairs of nerves run from the brain to the heart
_______ (speeds up)
_______ (slow Down)

A

Stimulatory nerves
Inhibitory nerves

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48
Q

______ consist of a bundle of nerves that functions to stimulate the muscle contractions of the right atrium –controlling the heartbeat

A

The pacemaker

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48
Q

example of chemical control of heartbeat

A

-increase in cellular respiration due to exercise
-Changes in pH level due to increase in acidity( lactic acid build –up) (signal to brain have too much, pick up pace to try and clear out acid)
-Hormones- adrenaline
(body would react to that)

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49
Q

refers to the flow of air into and out of the lungs due to the pressure differences between atmospheric air and air in the lungs

A

Ventilation

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49
Q

during Inhalation:

A

rib cage; ribs move upward and outward

Diaphragm contracts; moves down

Volume increases

Pressure in lungs decreases

Air enters lungs to equalize pressure

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50
Q

During Exhalation:

A

ribs move inward and downward

Diaphragm relaxes; moves up

Volume decreases

Pressure in lungs increases

Air is forced out

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51
Q

Factors Influencing the Rate of Breathing

A

Alcohol(depresses rate)
Drugs(caffeine-increases breathing rate)
Smoking
emotion
temp
Altitude-increase in altitude; decrease in O2; increases breathing rate
Pollution
Position(standing, sitting, lying down)
exerise
hormones

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52
Q

Refers to the different amounts of air drawn into or out of the lungs by the contractions of different muscle groups.

A

Primary lung Volumes

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52
Q

volume of air that moves into the lungs during each normal inspiration and expiration (give average)

A

Tidal volume( VT)

At rest, healthy males is about 0.5L and 0.4 L in females.

53
Q

does tidal volume increase or decrease with activity.

A

Increases

53
Q

maximum volume of air which can be inhaled immediately after a normal inhalation (tidal inspired) (give average)

A

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

At rest, males approximately 3.1L and 2.4L in females.

53
Q

does Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) increase or decrease with activity.

A

Decreases with exercise

53
Q

maximum volume of air expired after a normal exhalation (give average)

A

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

At rest, males approximately 1.1L and 0.9L in females

54
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) increase or decrease with activity.

A

Decreases when exercising

54
Q

volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration (give average)

A

Residual volume (RV)

only removed when lung collapses
approximately 1.2L for males and 0.9L for females

55
Q

there are _____ lung capacities, each is the sum of two or more primary lung volumes

A

4

55
Q

maximum amount of air expired after a maximum inhalation in a single breath (plus formula)

A

Vital capacity (VC)

VC = IRV +VT +ERV

56
Q

Maximum amount of air the lungs can hold at one time (plus formula)

A

Total lung capacity (TLC)

TLC is the sum of the 4 primary lung volumes

TLC = IRV + VT + ERV + RV

56
Q

Maximum amount of air that can be insipid following a normal tidal expiration (and formula)

A

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

IC = IRV + VT

56
Q

Volume of air left in lung following a normal tidal expiration. (and formula)

A

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

FRV = ERV + RV

57
Q

The amount of air exchanged during tidal breathing is influenced by _______ and ________

A

tidal volume
breathing rate.

57
Q

Simple measurement of the volume if air inspired through tidal breathing in one minute. (calculation)

A

Minute volume (VM)
VM = tidal volume (VT) x breathing rate (f)

57
Q

Minute volume (VM) Overestimates the amount of air available for gas exchange because?

A

Some air is located in the airways and not in the alveoli where gas exchange occurs

58
Q

The part of the respiratory system where gas exchange does not occur is referred to as:

A

dead space (VD)
VD is about 150 ml of air

58
Q

A more accurate measurement of air entering the alveoli in a one minute period (formula)

A

Alveolar ventilation (VA)

VA = f x (VT – VD)

59
Q

is athletes vital capacity likely be higher compared to a non-athlete?

A

YES

59
Q

which is less Minute volume or Alveolar ventilation

A

Alveolar ventilation

59
Q

Approximately 55% of blood is a liquid component called _______

A

plasma

60
Q

About 45% of blood is ________

A

red blood cells (RBC)

60
Q

Less the 1% is ________

A

white blood cells (WBC) and platelets

61
Q

Plasma

A

-The liquid part of the blood
-Mostly water
-Transports some solid material like nutrients, waste, gas, and hormones

61
Q

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

A

-Contains haemoglobin
-Carries oxygen from the lungs
-Shaped like discs
-No nucleus

62
Q

White Blood Cells (leukocytes)

A

-Protects body against invading microorganisms
-Pus – fragments of WBCs and invading toxins
-Contain nucleus

62
Q

Platelets

A

Initiates blood clotting and closing tears in blood vessels

62
Q

How body uses food for energy is affected

Glucose blood levels are higher than normal (hyperglycemia)

A

Diabetes

63
Q

Is the fuel for our cells from carbohydrates

A

Glucose

63
Q

Glucose is carried in the

A

blood system

64
Q

The hormone _____ is required before the muscles can use the glucose

A

insulin

64
Q

Insulin is produced in the _______ in the _______

A

beta cells
pancreas

64
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

10% of diabetics
Mainly in children and young adults
Pancreas produces little or no insulin
Requires daily injections of insulin

64
Q

Cause of Type 1 Diabetes

A

-Cause is not fully understood
-Probably in the genes
-maybe triggered by a virus or chemical that destroys the beta cells in the pancreas

65
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

-90% of diabetes
-Affects adults over the year of 40
-Occurs as a result of insulin being used ineffectively (insulin resistance)

66
Q

cause of type 2 diabetes

A

Family history
Overweight
Lack of exercise

66
Q

how can type 2 diabetes be treated

A

Can be treated with healthy diet and exercise and medications

66
Q

low (good for diabetic) glycemic foods vs high

A

Low: milk, wheat tortila, apple, 100% whol grain bread and peanuts

High: corn flakes, white rice, pizza

67
Q

Effects of Uncontrolled Diabetes

A

-Increased rate of heart disease, high blood pressure, poor circulation in legs and feet
-Blindness due to diabetic retinopathy( most common cause of blindness under the age of 65)
-Kidney disease
-Feet problems- numbness, increase chance of injury and injection

67
Q

smoking __________ oxygen in blood and increases healing time of wounds

A

decreases

67
Q

Glucose levels can be monitored with a

A

glucose meter

68
Q

Rise in Glucose Levels

A

Increase in carbohydrates in diet
Stress
Illness
Not enough medication

69
Q

Drop in Glucose Levels

A

Skipping meals or less carbohydrates
More activity
Too much medication
Symptoms of hypoglcemia-shaking, dizziness, sweatiness, confusion, mood swings, rapid heart beat

70
Q

Medications for diabetes

A

Pills
Needles
Insulin pen
Insulin pump

70
Q

what test used to diagnose diabetes

A

glucose test

70
Q

most of the food you eat turns into ______

A

glucose/sugar

70
Q

healthy people have ____________ that maintains homeostasis by keeping blood sugar levels relatively constant and within a normall range

A

feedback (control) mechanism

71
Q

most of the cells in the body carry ____ for the inslulin hromone on their cell membranes

A

receptors

71
Q

_____________ are used to produce images of the human body.

A

Medical scanners

71
Q

Standard X-rays (3)

A

-Beam of X-rays passes through the body and then strikes a photographic plate

-Radiodense tissues block X-ray penetration, leaving unexposed (white) areas on the film negative

-Produces a 2D image

72
Q

Used to detect a fracture, or tumour in bones and skull; pneumonia or tuberculosis in the chest

A

Standard X-rays

72
Q

is able to create an internal image of the human body by using a combination of X-rays and computers

-produce 3-D images of soft tissue inside the body

A

Computerized Tomography (CT or CAT scan)

73
Q

_______ of the head, abdominal region(liver, pancreas, kidney) chest and spine are taken to assess organ size and position to determine progression of a disease, and for detection of abnormal masses

A

CT scans

73
Q

Position Emission Tomography (PET)

A

-Produces a 3D image of the human body

-A person in usually injected with a radiotracer and it emits radiation over a specific time frame

-The PET scan detects the radiation and creates a 3D image

73
Q

Cancer cells take up the radiotracer faster and therefore can show where cancer is present in the body
can be used to investigate metabolic changes at the cellular level in various organs or tissues (WHAT DEVICE?)

A

PET SCAN

73
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

-Patient is subjected to a strong magnetic field and a sequence of radio waves to create the images.

-No radiation involved, safe for pregnant women

-Because a magnetic field is being used, no metallic material cannot be placed inside the scanner (rings, piercings, pacemaker)

73
Q

No radiation involved, safe for pregnant women (what device)

A

MRI

74
Q

____ gives excellent contrast of normal and abnormal tissues, tumour progression, aneurysms and determining the extent of a disease

A

MRI

74
Q

A transducer contacting the skin or other body surface sends out sound waves and then picks up echoes to create an image

A

Ultrasonography

75
Q

Used in obstetrics, to detect ectopic pregnancy, determine fetal size, check fetal rate of growth

A

Ultrasonography

75
Q

Upper abdominal _______ can detect gallstones or other visceral abnormalities
Is viewed in real time, no waiting for results

A

ultrasound

76
Q

An ________ uses sound waves to produce a live image of the heart

A

Echocardiography

77
Q

Used to assess the structure and function of the heart (ie. leaky heart valves )

A

Echocardiography

77
Q

The image produced in Echocardiography is called an

A

echocardiogram

77
Q

An ______ is a test that takes X-ray pictures of the coronary arteries and the vessels that supply blood to the heart

A

angiogram

78
Q

A special dye is placed into the coronary arteries of the heart to flow blood flow through the heart. (what diagnostic test?)

A

angiogram

78
Q

Graphical recording of the electrical activity of the heart using electrodes on the skin surface

A

Electrocardiography (ECG)

78
Q

Useful in detection of arrhythmias and assessing damage after a heart attack

A

Electrocardiography (ECG)

79
Q

Graphical recording of the electrical activity in the brain using electrodes on the surface of the scalp

A

Electroencephalography (EEG)

80
Q

Analysis of brain wave frequency and amplification aids in the diagnosis of tumours, seizure disorders, and strokes

A

Electroencephalography (EEG)

81
Q

Graphical recording of the electrical activity resulting from skeletal muscle contraction using electrodes inserted into the muscles

A

Electromyography (EMG)

82
Q

Insertion of fiber optic tubing into body orifice (body opening) or through small incision (laparoscopy and arthroscopy)

A

Endoscopy

82
Q

Determination of neural or muscular origin of muscle disorder

Aids in the diagnosis of muscular dystrophy and other neuromuscular disorders (what diagnostic device?)

A

Electromyography (EMG)

83
Q

Permits visualization of body cavity or organ interior and detection of abnormalities of surrounding soft tissue

A

Endoscopy

84
Q

bronchoscopy:
cystoscopy:
esophagoscopy:
gastroscopy:
colonoscopy:
arthroscopy:

A

bronchoscopy: bronchus and lungs
cystoscopy: urinary bladder
esophagoscopy: esophagus
gastroscopy: stomach
colonoscopy: colon
arthroscopy: joint cavity

85
Q

Endoscope called a ________; small tube that has a light and a camera to relay images to a monitor

A

laparoscope

86
Q

Used to diagnose conditions that develop in the digestive system, urinary system and female reproductive system
also referred to as ‘keyhole’ surgery, performed through small incisions

A

Laparoscopy

87
Q

ex of pulmonary function test

A

Ex. Spirometry test

87
Q

an x-ray of the breast that uses low doses of radiation

A

Mammography

87
Q

picture made during mammography is called a

A

mammogram

88
Q

Used to diagnose tumours in breast

A

Used to diagnose tumours in breast

89
Q

tests that show how well the lungs are working
tests measure lung volume, capacity, rates of flow, and gas exchange.

A

Pulmonary Function Test

89
Q

A synthetic substitute for human skin that is made to replace burnt skin

A

ARTIFICIAL SKIN

90
Q

Skin consist of two layers; the ________ (the outer layer) and ________( the inner layer)

A

epidermis
dermis

91
Q

plays an important role in covering the body to keep out harmful bacteria and vital fluids in

A

Skin

92
Q

is made up of polymers (collagen fibers and a long sugar molecule) that form a porous membrane that resembles the dermis layer

A

Synthetic skin

93
Q

Test performed during pregnancy to check for birth defects, genetic disorders ( sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis) or chromosomes problems(Down Syndrome, Spina bifida)

A

AMNIOCENTESIS

94
Q

A long thin needle is inserted through the abdomen and into the uterus and a small amount of fluid that surrounds the baby is removed

A

AMNIOCENTESIS

95
Q

contains cells that was shed from the fetus; the cells contain chromosomes which can be checked for defects

A

Amniotic fluid

96
Q

Filters waste using the peritoneal membrane inside the abdomen

Special solutions to remove toxins is placed in abdomen, then later drained

Must be done daily and at home

A

Peritoneal dialysis

97
Q

Blood is filtered outside of body through a special machine

Done 3 times a week, each session lasts 3-4 hours

A

Hemodialysis

98
Q

Device designed to replace a missing body part or make a part work better

A

PROSTHESIS

98
Q

A method of removing toxins from the blood when the kidneys is unable to do so

A

DIALYSIS

98
Q

what dialysis must be done at home

A

Peritoneal dialysis

99
Q

Monitors heart rhythms and can deliver an electric shock to the heart to restart the heart

A

AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR (AED)

100
Q

A small device placed under the skin in the chest wall to regulate a person’s heartbeat

A

PACEMAKER

100
Q

This device uses electrical pulses to prompt the heart to beat at a normal rate.

A

PACEMAKER

100
Q

procedure to open narrowed or blocked coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart.

A

ANGIOPLASTY

101
Q

in angioplasty the narrow opening maybe widened by using a ________ or a _______

A

balloon or stent

101
Q

A coronary artery ______ is a small, metal mesh tube that expands inside a coronary artery.

A

stent

102
Q

Device which amplifies sound so it can be detected by damaged ears.

A

HEARING AIDS

102
Q

Device which allows a deaf person to hear representative sounds by stimulating the auditory nerve

A

COCHLEAR IMPLANTS

102
Q

Device used to deliver insulin continuously 24 hours a day

A

INSULIN PUMP

102
Q

It helps a person to control their blood sugar level better minimizes the effects of hypoglycemia

Closest device to an artificial pancreas

A

INSULIN PUMP

102
Q

includes a small disposable sensor that is worn under the skin (often on the stomach or arm).
The sensor tests sugar levels every few minutes and sends this information to an attached transmitter and, usually, to a separate receiving device, such as a smart phone

A

CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITOR (CGM)

103
Q

Alternative medicine: Most of these treatments are taught in medical school true or false?

A

false

103
Q

COCHLEAR IMPLANTS restores normal healing true or false

A

FALSE

103
Q

Any form of practice that does not use conventional medicine techniques.

A

Alternative Medicine

103
Q

Surgical tasks are directly performed by a robotic system controlled by the surgeon at the remote site

A

REMOTE SURGERY

104
Q

a wearable device that tracks blood glucose (sugar) every few minutes, 24/7

A

CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITOR (CGM)

104
Q

Also called telesurgery, performed by a surgeon at a site removed from the patient.

A

Remotesurgery

104
Q

Involves the penetration of the skin with thin solid metallic needles which are manipulated by hand or electrical stimulation.

A

Acupuncture

104
Q

“treatment using scents”

A

Aromatherapy

105
Q

5 broad categories of alternative medicine

A

-Alternative medical systems
-mind body interventiosn
-3. Biologically-based therapies
Manipulative and Body-Based Methods\
-energy therapies

Medtech 12 (5 decks)

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