Public Health Screening

Question 1

The presumptive identification of an unrecognized disease or defect by the application of tests, examinations

Answer 1

Screening

Question 2

TRUE OR FALSE: Screening is definite

Answer 2

FALSE, it is only presumptive, not diagnostic and not confirmatory

Question 3

TRUE OR FALSE: Screening is done to test symptomatic individuals to reduce severity of disease.

Answer 3

FALSE, asymptomatic individuals at an earlier stage in the natural history of disease.

Question 4

Screenings falls under what level of prevention?

Answer 4

Secondary

Question 5

____ is done for people with symptoms as a confirmatory test

Answer 5

Early diagnosis

Question 6

Screening aims to reduce which of the following

A. Mortality, Incidence, MMR
B. Mortality, Incidence, Prevalence
C. Mortality, Incidence, Severity

Answer 6

C. Mortality, Incidence, Severity

Question 7

Types of Screening

Answer 7

• Mass Screening
• Targeted Screening
• Case-finding or opportunistic screening
• Multiple or Multiphasic Screening

Question 8

Screening applied to the general/whole/entire
population or a large subset

Answer 8

Mass screening

Question 9

Screening applied to high risk groups or groups with specific exposures or risk factors

Answer 9

Targeted Screening

Question 10

Screening aimed to patients who sought consult for some other purpose

Answer 10

Case-finding or opportunistic Screening

Question 11

Screening which uses several screening tests at the same time to detect severalconditions

Answer 11

Multiple or Multiphasic Screening

Question 12

What is the criteria for diseases appropriate for screening?

Answer 12

• Disease is serious with severe consequences
• Treatment is more effective at an earlier stage
• Disease has a detectable preclinical phase
• Detectable preclinical phase is fairly long and prevalent in target population

Question 13

Characteristics of a screening test

Answer 13

• Economical
• Convenient
• Relatively free of risk and discomfort
• Acceptable to a large number of individuals
• Highly valid and reliable

Question 14

Reliability is also referred to as ____

Answer 14

Precision

Question 15

Reliability is influenced by:

Answer 15

• Stability
• Technical characteristics
• Interobserver and intraobserver

Question 16

_______ are burdens on the healthcare system

Answer 16

False positive

Question 17

PPV increases with ____

Answer 17

Prevalence

Question 18

In evaluating a screening program, what is the criteria?

Answer 18

• Feasibility
• Effectiveness

Question 19

Factors of Screening programs

Answer 19

• Acceptability
• Cost-effectiveness
• Provision for follow-up diagnosis and treatment of test-positive individuals
• Yield of Cases

Question 20

The customary way to evaluate the success of a screening program is to compare _______

Answer 20

survival experience

Question 21

Potential systematic errors which may affect effectiveness

Answer 21

• Lead-time bias
• Length bias
• Volunteer Bias

Question 22

Bias that appears when survival may appear longer among screened individuals simply because their diagnoses were made earlier

Answer 22

Lead-time Bias

Question 23

Lead time ______ the benefit of screening

(Over/Under)estimates

Answer 23

Overestimates

Question 24

Occurs when screening tends to identify cases with less aggressive forms of the disease

Answer 24

Length-bias sampling

Question 25

Volunteer Bias occurs only in ______

Answer 25

observational studies

Question 26

Two types of multiple screening tests

Answer 26

• Sequential (Serial) testing
• Simultaneous (Parallel) Testing

Question 27

Serial testing increases ______

Answer 27

Overall specificity

Question 28

Multiple screening test where those who tested positive for the first test will be subjected to the second test

Answer 28

Sequential

Question 29

Parallel testing increases ____

Answer 29

Overall sensitivity