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146 LE 3 > Outbreak Investigation > Flashcards

Outbreak Investigation Flashcards

1
Q

Worst Outbreaks in History

A

○ Great influenza Outbreak of 1918-1919
○ The Black Death 1300-1400 (plague)
○ HIV/AIDS 1981 to present
○ Annual Seasonal Influenza Outbreaks
○ The Plague of Justinian 541 AD
○ The first Cholera Pandemic 1817-1823
○ The Antonine Plague 165-180 AD
○ The Asiatic (Russian) Influenza 1889-1890

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2
Q

Types of Outbreak Setting

A
  • Food-borne outbreaks
  • Water-borne outbreaks
  • Community-acquired outbreak
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3
Q

“The occurrence in a community or region of
cases of an illness, specific health-related
behavior, or other health related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy”

A

Epidemic

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4
Q

Same definition of epidemic, but is often used for a more “limited geographic area”

A

Outbreak

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5
Q

An epidemic that has spread over several
countries or continents usually affecting a large number of people

A

Pandemic

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6
Q

Constant presence of diseases within a geographic area

A

Endemic

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7
Q

Rationale of Outbreak investigation

A
  • To identify the source
  • To establish control
  • To institute measures to prevent future episodes
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8
Q

What falls under administrative in Step 1?

A
  • Jurisdiction
  • Team composition
  • Resources
  • Others (Travel Docs)
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9
Q

What falls under scientific in step 1, preparation?

A
  • Background information
  • Lab support and specimen handling
  • PPE
  • Current Response
  • Local Theories
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10
Q

Step 2 is ______

A

Establish the existence of an outbreak

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11
Q

What is step 3?

A

Verify the diagnosis

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12
Q

Goal of Step 3

A

Rule out misdiagnosis, lab errors, etc.

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13
Q

Why do we do contact tracing?

A

To reduce transmission

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14
Q

What is step 4?

A

Define and identify the cases

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15
Q

A ______ case has the ability to identify those with the disease

A

Sensitive Case

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16
Q

A ______ case has the ability to identify those without the disease

A

Specific Case

17
Q

_____ is used for epidemiologic investigation

A. Case Definition
B. Clinical Diagnosis

A

Case Definition

18
Q

_______ is used for treatment decisions for individual patients

A

Clinical diagnosis

19
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Use a strict definition early on to help establish the true positives

A

False, Use a loose definition early on to help identify the extent of the outbreak

20
Q

Important components of a case definition

A
  • Clinical criteria
  • Person/place/time limits
  • Personal characteristics
  • Specified time period
21
Q

Categories of Cases

A
  • Confirmed
  • Probable
  • Possible
22
Q

Sources of Data for Case Finding

A
  • Medical offices
  • Laboratories
  • Surveillance Data
  • Institution
  • Targeted Surveys
  • Friends/contacts
  • Local/tribal/community leaders
  • Media and press
  • Social Media
  • Pharmacy records
  • Novel data sources
23
Q

What is step 5?

A

Characterize the epidemic (descriptive epidemiology)

24
Q

Information provided by epi curve

A
  • Type of epidemic
  • Period of exposure
  • Minimum/maximum Incubation Period
25
Q

Outbreak with single exposure of a susceptible population to the causative agent

A

Point-source outbreak

26
Q

Epi curve of point-source outbreak

A
  • Single peak with steep upslope and a gradual down slope
27
Q

Propagated-transmission outbreaks happen through _____ transmission of infections agent

A

Person-to-person

28
Q

How many peaks are present in epi curve of propagated-transmission outbreaks?

A

2 or more

29
Q

Duration of exposure is prolonged, may occur over more than 1 IP

A

Continuous source outbreaks

30
Q

Epi curve description of continuous source outbreaks

A

Sharp upslope similar to a point-source
outbreak but instead, a more gradual decline, a plateau phase continues for multiple incubation periods before the epidemic ends.

31
Q

Characterizing by place used a _____

A

Spot map

32
Q

What is step 6?

A

Develop hypotheses

33
Q

What is step 7?

A

Evaluate hypotheses (analytical epidemiology)

34
Q

What is step 8?

A

Refine hypotheses and carry out additional studies?

35
Q

What is step 9?

A

Implement control and prevention measures

36
Q

What is step 10?

A

Communicate findings

37
Q

Methods for findings communication

A
  • Oral briefing of health authorities
  • Written research report
  • Policy brief

146 LE 3 (6 decks)

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