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146 LE 3 > Causation and Casual Inference > Flashcards

Causation and Casual Inference Flashcards

1
Q

Something that brings about an effect or a result

A

Cause

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2
Q

Two groups of scientists who look at the factors that influence outcomes

A

Biomedical scientists and epidemiologists

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3
Q

A ______ is an association between categories of events or characteristics in which an alteration in the frequency and quality of a factor is followed by a change in the other

A

causal association

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4
Q

Cause must precede effect

A

Temporality

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5
Q

A change in the cause results in a change in the effect

A

Directionality

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6
Q

Cause must precede effect

A

Temporality

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7
Q

The presence of _____ may result in association with no causal link

A

confounders

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8
Q

What are the steps in the process of casual inference?

A
  • Determine the Validity of the Association
  • Determine if the Observed Association is Causal
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9
Q

The research is ____ if the estimate of the effect measure is accurate

A

internally valid

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10
Q

Internal validity is not due to _____

A

systematic error

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11
Q

What precedes external validity?

A

Internal validity

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12
Q

External validity is not due to ____

A

random error (chanz <3)

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13
Q

First step in establishing the causation of a disease

A

Descriptive study

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14
Q

Cause-Effect: Causal Association
Effect-Cause: _____

A

Temporal Ambiguity

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15
Q

Temporal ambiguity is a problem in retrospective studies, and more so in ______

A

cross-sectional studies

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16
Q

Threats to validity

A
  • Confounding
  • Bias
  • Chance
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17
Q

A systematic error that results in an invalid or incorrect estimate of the measure of association

A

Bias

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18
Q

Systematic error can be due to the researcher since it can arise from either from the ______ and/or
______

A

poor design and/or conduct of the study

19
Q

Selection Bias: Non-representative sample
Information Bias: Due to ____

A

inaccurate information

20
Q

Bias towards null: _____
Bias farther from the null: _____

A

Underestimation
Overestimation

21
Q

A distortion in a statistical estimate resulting from procedures used to select subjects and factors that influence participants in the study

A

Selection bias

22
Q

Sources of Selection Bias

A
  • Attrition
  • Response
  • Self-selection
  • Use of inappropriate groups in analytic studies
23
Q

Attrition happens in ______ studies

A

Prospective

24
Q

What is the strategy to control attrition?

A

Maintain high and similar follow-up rates for the study groups

25
Q

People who volunteer in studies are normally health-conscious, therefore triggering what source of selection bias?

A

self-selection

26
Q

What strategies may be employed to account for self-selection bias?

A
  • For occupational research, select an appropriate comparison cohort (same occupational setting)
  • Obtain high participation rates among both
    cases and controls
27
Q

What strategy may be employed for the use of inappropriate groups in analytical studies?

A

Use identical selection criteria for both cases and controls

28
Q

Selection bias in case-control

A

Selection of case/control related to exposure status

29
Q

Selection Bias in Cohort (Retrospective Cohort)

A

Selection of exposed/unexposed is related to the development of the outcome

30
Q

Also known as observation bias, measurement error, misclassification bias

A

Information bias

31
Q

Sources of information Bias

A
  • Participant (Trait Error)
  • Observer/tool (Method Error)
32
Q

These may happen in trait error of information bias

A
  • Recall bias
  • Hawthorne effect
  • Social desirability
33
Q

Strategies for avoiding information bias

A
  • Blind/mask parties as necessary
  • Train data collectors
  • Triangulate sources of data
34
Q

Types of Misclassification

A
  • Non-differential
  • Differential
35
Q

Which type of misclassification is preferred?

A

Non-differential

36
Q

In non-differential misclassification, bias is always _____ null

A

towards

37
Q

Differential misclassification happens when?

A

methods of data collection are not uniform

38
Q

Uncontrollable force that seems to have no assignable cause and distorts the true value of an estimate.

A

Chanz (Chance)

39
Q

Chance is also called

A

Random error

40
Q

Minimizing random error increases ____

A

Precision

41
Q

Chance is estimated by ______

A

Significance level

42
Q

In box plot, if the line crosses the null value of 1, then what can we infer about its statistical significance?

A

not statistically significant

43
Q

What are Hill’s Criteria for Causation?

A
  • Strength of Association
  • Temporality
  • Consistency
  • Theoretical plausibility
  • Coherence
  • Specificity in the causes
  • Biologic Gradient
  • Analogy
  • Experimental Evidence

146 LE 3 (6 decks)

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