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Phase 1 Medicine - Riona > Public Health & Critical Numbers > Flashcards

Public Health & Critical Numbers Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of distress?

A

Negative, damaging and harmful

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2
Q

What is the definition of eustress?

A

Positive, beneficial and motivating

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3
Q

What are the 5 responses to stress?

A

Biochemical (altered hormone levels)
Behavioural (smoking and alcohol)
Cognitive (-ve thoughts, poor concentration)
Emotional (tearful, mood swings, irritable)
Physiological

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4
Q

What are some chronic stressors?

A

Relationships
Unstable finances
Lack of friends
Poor physical health

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5
Q

What are some of the migrating factors for stress?

A

Social support
Beliefs
Personality
Lifestyle

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6
Q

Give three examples of how people can be encouraged to stop smoking

A

Taxation
Banning smoking in public places
Cessation services

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7
Q

List 4 types of economic evaluation

A

Cost minimisation analysis
Cost effectiveness analysis
Cost utility analysis
Cost benefit analysis

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8
Q

How do you calculate incremental cost ratio?

A

Incremental cost = new treatment cost – old treatment cost

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9
Q

How do you calculate the effectiveness ratio?

A

Efectiveness ratio = incremental cost/difference in QALY (where QALY = years increase x utility time)

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10
Q

Define prevalence

A

The number of cases of a disease that are present in a particular population at a given time

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11
Q

Define incidence

A

The number of new cases that develop in a given period of time

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12
Q

Define absolute risk

A

The changing in risk of an outcome of a given treatment of activity in relation to a comparison treatment or activity

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13
Q

Define relative risk

A

Ratio of the probability of an event occurring (e.g. developing a disease) in an exposed group to the probability of the event occurring in a comparison, non-exposed group

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14
Q

Define prevention paradox

A

Contradictory situation where the majority of cases of a disease come from a population at low or moderate risk of that disease, and only a minority of cases come from the high risk population

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15
Q

Define inverse care law

A

The availability of good medical or social care tends to vary inversely with the need of the population served

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16
Q

What is the equation for BMI?

A

Weight / height^2

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17
Q

Define reverence probability

A

Probability of disease in the entire population at any point in time

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18
Q

Define incidence probability

A

Probability that a patient without disease develops the disease during an interval

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19
Q

Define sensitivity

A

Probability of a positive test among patients with disease

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20
Q

Define specificity

A

Probability of a negative test among patients without disease

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21
Q

Define incidence rate

A

Number of new gases per population at risk in a given time period

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22
Q

Define rate ratio

A

Compare the incidence rates of events occurring at any given point in time

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23
Q

What is the 95% confidence interval?

A

95% certain that the true result mean falls within the range of X & Y

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24
Q

Define odds ratio

A

The odds that an outcome will occur given a particular exposure, compared to the odds of the outcome occurring in the absence of that exposure

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25
Q

What is the doctrine of dual effect?

A

Aim to do good

increase QALY, decrease total years

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26
Q

What are the 5 types of variables?

A

Nominal - two or more categories
Binary - only take two values
Discrete - can only take on finite number of values
Continuous - any value between min & max
Ordinal - order matters but not difference between values

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27
Q

What is statistical significance?

A

P<0.05

Reject null hypothesis

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28
Q

What is clinical significance

A

Defined by the smallest clinically beneficial & harmful values

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29
Q

What is the top down deductive?

A

One specific ethical theory is consistently applied to each problem

30
Q

What is the bottom up inductive?

A

Using past medical problems to create guides in practice

31
Q

What are 2 other ethical arguments?

A

An approach where theories are considered which best fit one’s own beliefs before applying.
Analogies can also be used

32
Q

What are the 4 ethical principles?

A

Autonomy
Beneficence
Non-maleficence
Justice

33
Q

What is utilitarianism?

A

Act is valued in terms of its consequences/effect

Many not few

34
Q

What is deontology?

A

The act itself determines the worthiness

Characteristics that a doctor should have (compassion, discernment, trustworthiness, integrity, conscientiousness)

35
Q

What are virtue ethics?

A

Focuses on the character of the person who is doing the act

36
Q

What are 5 GMC duties of a doctor?

A

Protect & promote health of patients & public
Provide good standard of practice & care
Recognise & work within limits of competence
Work with colleagues in the ways that best serve patients’ interests
Treat patients as individuals & respect their dignity

37
Q

What is the gini coefficient?

A

Statistical representation of nation’s income distribution among its residents (smaller less equality)

38
Q

What is social class?

A

Measure of occupation, stratification, social position & access to power & resources

39
Q

What are the key challenges of an ageing population? (5)

A 
Strains on pension &amp; social security systems
Increasing demand for healthcare
Bigger need for trained health workforce
Increasing demand for long term care
Pervasive ageism
40
Q

What are 5 reasons for smoking?

A 
Nicotine addiction
Coping with stress
Habit
Socialising
Fear of weight gain
41
Q

Stages of change model (6)

A

1) pre-contemplation
2) contemplation
3) preparation
4) action
5) maintenance
6) relapse

42
Q

What are the 3 types of human error?

A

Omission
Commission
Negligence

43
Q

What is the healthy BMI range?

A

18.5-24.9

44
Q

What are some causes of obesity?

A

Physical
Socio-cultural
Economic

45
Q

What is opportunity cost?

A

The next best alternative forgone

46
Q

What is the equation for sensitivity?

A

Number of true positives/all with disease (TP and FN)

47
Q

What is the equation for specificity?

A

Number of true negatives/all without disease (FP and TN)

48
Q

What is the equation for the probability of it being a case? (Pe)

A

Exposed case / all exposed

49
Q

What is the equation for the probability of it being a case? (Pne)

A

Not exposed case / all not exposed

50
Q

What is the equation for the odds of a case? (Oe)

A

Exposed case / exposed non case

51
Q

What is the equation for the odds of a non case? (One)

A

Not exposed case / not exposed not case

52
Q

What is the equation for the absolute risk difference?

A

Pe-Pne

53
Q

What is the equation for the risk ratio/relative risk?

A

Pe/Pne

54
Q

What is the equation for the odds ratio?

A

Oe/One

55
Q

What is the equation for the positive predictive value?

A

true positives / all positives

56
Q

What is the equation for the negative predictive value?

A

true negatives / all negatives

57
Q

What is the equation for probability?

A

number of cases/total population

58
Q

What is the equation for odds?

A

number of cases/number of non-cases

59
Q

What is the equation for prevalence proportion?

A

number of existing cases at time t / total population size at time t

60
Q

What is the equation for incidence proportion?

A

number of new cases during period / size of population at risk at start of period

61
Q

What are the 2 main types of quantitative study designs?

A

Experimental (clinical); assign exposures

Observational (epidemiological)

62
Q

What are the 2 types of experimental study?

A

Randomised control trials

Non-randomised (quasi-) experiments

63
Q

What are the 2 main types of observational study?

A

Analytical (comparison group)

Descriptive (no comparison group)

64
Q

What are 4 types of descriptive study?

A

Case reports
Case series
Cross sectional
Ecological studies

65
Q

What are the 3 types of analytical studies?

A

Cohort (exposure > outcome)
Cross-sectional (exposure <> outcome)
Case-control (outcome > exposure)

66
Q

Define standard deviation

A

Measure of the variability in the data

67
Q

Define standard error

A

Standard deviation of repeated samples from a population

68
Q

What is conditional probability? P(A|B)

A

Probability that event A will happen given that some other event B has already occurred

69
Q

What is the length time bias?

A

Diseases with a longer duration are more likely to be captured in prevalence

70
Q

What is the number needed to treat?

A

Number of people you need to treat in order to prevent one outcome

Phase 1 Medicine - Riona (13 decks)

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