Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phase 1 Medicine - Riona > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 9 sections of the abdomen?

A

R hypochondriac, epigastric, L hypochondriac
R lumbar, umbilical, L lumbar
R iliac, hypogastric, L iliac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In what directions do the 3 oblique muscles of the abdominal wall run?

A

External - downwards oblique
Internal - upwards oblique
Transverse - horizontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the muscle that forms 2 strips running vertically?

A

Rectus abdominis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do the 3 muscles aponeuorse & converge onto?

A

Linea alba

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where do the oblique fibres pass above the arcuate line?

A

External & half of internal pass in front of rectus abdomens
Transverse & half of internal pass posteriorly
Form rectus sheaf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the foregut & what is it innervated by?

A

Mouth to 2nd segment of duodenum

Greater splanchnic nerve T5-9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the midgut & what is it innervated by?

A

2nd segment of duodenum to 2/3 along transverse colon

Lesser splanchnic nerve T10-11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the hindgut & what is it innervated by?

A

2/3 along transverse colon to rectum

Least splanchnic nerve T12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 2 layers of the peritoneum?

A

Parietal (external)

Visceral (internal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does it mean to be a retroperitoneal organ?

A

It is on the outside of the peritoneal cavity

Covered only anterior by peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which organs are retroperitoneal?

A 
SAD PUCKER
Suprarenal glands
Aorta/IVC
Duodenum (middle 2 segments)
Pancreas (excluding tail)
Ureter
Colon (ascending & descending)
Kidneys
(o)Oesophagus
Rectum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a mesentary?

A

Reflections of peritoneum that attach the intraperitoneal organs to the posterior abdominal wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where does the greater omentum attach to?

A

Greater curvature of stomach to the transverse colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does the lesser omentum attach to?

A

Lesser curvature of stomach to liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How are the greater & lesser sacs connected?

A

Epiploic foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the sections of the stomach?

A 
Cardia
Fundus
Body
Antrum
Pylorus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the location of the sphincter of Oddi depict?

A

Opening of ampulla of Vater

End of foregut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In which region of the duodenum are Brunner’s glands?

A

Superior/1st section

Neutralise chyme from sphincter by secreting high levels of HCO3-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the coeliac trunk branch into?

A

Splenic artery > spleen
Left gastric artery > lesser curvature of stomach
Common hepatic artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the splenic artery give rise to?

A

Short gastric artery > fundus

Left gastroepiploic artery > greater curvature of stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the common hepatic artery give branches of?

A

Gastroduodenal artery > pylorus & proximal part of duodenum
Proper hepatic artery > liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the gastroduodenal artery give rise to?

A

Right gastroepiploic artery > greater curvature of stomach

Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery > pancreas & duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the right hepatic artery give rise to?

A

Cystic artery > gallbladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the blood supply of the midgut?

A

Superior mesenteric artery (at L1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What makes the jejunum different from the ileum?

A 
Both intraperitoneal
Mainly in upper L not lower R quadrant
Thick not thin intestinal wall
Longer vasa recta
Fewer arcades
Red not pink
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Does the jejunum or ileum have Peyer’s patches?

A

Ileum

Patches of lymphatic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are taenia coli?

A

3 longitudinal muscles which contract to short & widen sections
Causes large intestine wall to bunch into haustrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the epiploic appendices

A

Small patches of peritoneum filled with fat along the colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the branches of the SMA?

A

Middle colic artery > transverse colon
Right colic artery > ascending colon
Ileocolic artery > into ileal & colic arteries
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery > some of pancreas, ucinate process, duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the blood supply of the hindgut

A

Inferior mesenteric artery (at L3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the branches of the IMA?

A

Left colic artery

Sigmoid arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does the marginal artery of Drummond do?

A

Connects middle colic artery to left colic artery - anastomosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Define swallowing

A

The process by which food/liquid is passed from the oral cavity, through the pharynx & down the oesophagus, to the stomach, whilst simultaneously closing the epiglottis in order to prevent anything going down the trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What occurs during the oral phase of swallowing?

A

Voluntary
Moistening & mastication
Intrinsic muscles of tongue contract to form trough
Mylohyoid muscle elevates tongue to roof of mouth to form slope
Pressure receptors stimulated, impulses to swallowing centre in medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What occurs during the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?

A

Involuntary
Impulses send that inhibit respiration, elevate larynx, close epiglottis
Tensor palatini tenses soft palate
Levator palatini elevates soft palate
Closes off nasopharynx
Pharyngeal constrictor muscles push bolus down pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What occurs during the oesophageal phase of swallowing?

A

Involuntary
Skeletal muscle in upper 1/3rd CNX
Smooth muscle in lower 2/3rds CNX
Propagation of bolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the gag reflex?

A

Reflex elevation of pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the sensory and motor limbs of the gag reflex?

A

Sensory - CNIX

Motor - CNX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the 3 main salivary glands?

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What nerve passes through the parotid gland?

A

Facial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What type of saliva does the parotid gland have?

A

Serous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What type of saliva does the submandibular gland have?

A

Serous & mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What type of saliva does the sublingual gland have?

A

Mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What innervates the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands?

A

Facial nerve CNVII

45
Q

What are the types of acinar cell?

A

Serous & mucous
Serous - alpha amylase, digests carbs
Mucous - mucins, lubrication

46
Q

What do the cells in ducts secrete and reabsorb?

A

Via ion transport proteins
Secrete K+, HCO3-
Absorb Na+, Cl-

47
Q

What are the main functions of saliva? (4)

A

Lubrication
Oral hygiene
Buffer
Digestion

48
Q

Define BMR

A

Total amount of energy produced her unit time

49
Q

How much fuel is stored in each substance? (3)

A

Glycogen - 15kg
Lipid - 350g
Protein - 6kg

50
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

ADEK

51
Q

What is the use of vitamin A?

A

Cellular growth & differentiation

Production of llymphocytes

52
Q

What is the use of vitamin B12?

A

Brain development
DNA synthesis
Formation of RBCs

53
Q

What is the use of vitamin C?

A

Collagen production
Absorption of iron
Neurotransmitter synthesis
Antioxident

54
Q

What is the use of vitamin D?

A

Aids absorption of calcium from gut

55
Q

How is vitamin B12 absorbed?

A

B12 binds with R-protein in mouth
R-protein protects B12 from HCl in stomach
Protease in duodenum releases B12 from R-protein
Intrinsic factor helps B12 be absorbed

56
Q

Where are the vitamins absorbed?

A

A - jejunum

C, D, K - jejunum & ilium

57
Q

What are the 3 layers of muscle in the stomach? (from superficial to deep)

A

Longitudinal
Circular
Oblique

58
Q

What are rugae?

A

Folds of the stomach wall which increase SA & allow the stomach to expand

59
Q

What do goblet cells secrete?

A

Mucous

60
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

Gastric acid

Intrinsic fator

61
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

Pepsinogen

62
Q

What do enterochromaffin-like cells secrete?

A

Histamine

63
Q

What do D cells secrete?

A

Somatostatin

64
Q

What do G cells secrete?

A

Gastrin

65
Q

What stimulates release from the parietal cells?

A

ACh
Gastrin
Histmine

66
Q

What stimulates release from chief cells?

A

ACh

Acid secretion

67
Q

What stimulates release from D cells?

A

Acid in stomach

68
Q

What is the function of gastrin?

A

Stimulates gastric acid stimulation

69
Q

What is the function of gastric acid?

A

Activates pepsin

Kills bacteria

70
Q

Where are the parietal cells in the stomach?

A

Fundus & body

71
Q

How is gastric acid produced and secreted?

A

CO2 + H2O > H2CO3 in cytoplasm of parietal cell
H2CO3 > H+ + HCO3-
HCO3- pumped out in exchange for Cl- in
H+ from H2CO3 + OH- > H2O
Then dissociates again H+ + OH-
H+ actively transported out of cells & K+ actively transported in
Converts one ATP > ADP + Pi
Cl- & K+ that have been pumped into cell (capillary side) diffuse out of parietal cell into stomach lumen

72
Q

What stimulates release from enterochromaffin-like cells

A

ACh

Gastrin

73
Q

What are the phases of gastric acid secretion regulation?

A

Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

74
Q

Describe the phases for the secretion of gastric acid

A

Cephalic phase:
environmental stimuli
ACh released & acts directly on parietal cells
release of gastrin & histamine
Gastric phase:
gastric distension & peptides & amino acids presence
gastrin & histamine released (feedback on eachother)
presence of protein causes rise in pH (as buffer)
decreases secretion of somatostatin

75
Q

Describe the phases for the inhibition of the secretion of gastric acid

A

Gastric phase:
low pH inhibits secretion of gastrin & indirectly histamine
somatostatin secretion stimulated by low pH
Intestinal phase:
duodenal distension, low intestinal pH, amino acids & fatty acids
release of enterogastrones secretin & CCK
secretin inhibits gastrin release & promotes somatostatin release
CCK stimulates contraction of gallbladder

76
Q

What catalyses the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin?

A

HCl

Pepsin

77
Q

What is the role of pepsin?

A

Accelerates protein digestion

78
Q

What mixes the contents of the stomach?

A

Peristaltic waves

79
Q

What cells determine the frequency of peristaltic waves?

A

Pacemaker cells - cells of Cajal

80
Q

What are peristaltic waves strengthened by?

A

Gastrin

Gastric distension

81
Q

What are peristaltic waves weakened by?

A 
CCK
Duodenal distension
Increased duodenal fat
Increased duodenal osmolarity
Decreased duodenal pH
Increased sympathetic NS action
Decreased parasympathetic NS action
Fats & amino acids in duodenum
82
Q

What are some defences against acid secretion?

A

Mucous
Tight junctions
Feedback loops

83
Q

How is Na+ transported into the epithelial cells in the intestine?

A

Actively transported by pumps

84
Q

How is K+ transported into the epithelial cells in the intestine?

A

Passive diffusion

85
Q

How is Cl- transported into the epithelial cells in the intestine?

A

Absorbed in exchange for HCO3-

86
Q

What are two types of proteolytic enzyme?

A

Endopeptidases - break non-terminal bond

Exopeptidases - break terminal peptide bond

87
Q

What is the bond between glycerol & a fatty acid?

A

Ester bond

88
Q

Where is the protein co-lipase secreted from?

A

Pancreas

ended to help lipase digest fats

89
Q

How do bile salts emulsify fats?

A

Detergent action
Form micelles
Further solubilises lips & provides a mechanism for their transport
Can enter cell by passive diffusion

90
Q

What are chylomicrons?

A

Droplets of fat containing triglycerides & cholesterol

91
Q

Define malnutrition

A

State of nutrition in which deficinecy/excess of energy/nutrients causes adverse effects on body

92
Q

What is the epithelia of the submandibular glands?

A

Simple/stratified columnar

93
Q

What parts of the GI system have stratified squamous keratinised epithelium? (3)

A

Gums
Top of tongue
Hard palate

94
Q

What is the epithelia of the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinised

95
Q

What is the epithelia of the stomach?

A

Simple, columnar & non-ciliated

gastric epithelium

96
Q

What is the epithelia of the small and large intestines?

A

Simple, columnar & non-ciliated

intestinal epithelium

97
Q

What is the epithelia of the rectum?

A

Simple, columnar & non-ciliated

98
Q

What are the two types of epithelium in the anus?

A

Upper - simple columnar

Lower - stratified squamous & keratinised

99
Q

What is the epithelium of the mesothelium of the body cavities? (pleura/peritoneum)

A

Simple squamous

100
Q

What are the 3 main papillae in the tongue?

A

(dorsum of tongue in complex folds)
Filiform - tall, pointed, anterior 2/3rds
Fungiform - mushroom shaped, tips & sides
Circumvallate - separate anterior 2/3rd & posterior 1/3d
They bear taste buds

101
Q

What are the 3 layers of the oesophageal mucosa?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscular externa

102
Q

What makes up the upper oesophageal sphincter?

A

Cricopharyngeus

103
Q

Where are the chief cells found in the stomach?

A

Body & fundus

104
Q

What are the differences between the gastric glands of the cardia and of the pyloric region?

A

Pyloric region - glands shorted & coiled

105
Q

What are the plicae circulares?

A

Circular folds in the intestine

Most in jejunum, least in distal colon

106
Q

What is a major absorptive cell of the intestines?

A

Enterocyte

107
Q

What do Paneth cells do & where are they found?

A

Help regulate bacterial flora

Small intestine

108
Q

What are the plexuses in the gut?

A

Meissner’s Plexus

Auerbach’s Plexus

Phase 1 Medicine - Riona (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions