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Phase 1 Medicine - Riona > Neuro 1 > Flashcards

Neuro 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the falx cerebri?

A

A fold of dura mater separating the L & R cerebral hemispheres

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2
Q

What is the fold of dura mater found between the cerebellum & cerebrum?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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3
Q

What is the grey matter?

A

Surface, cerebral cortex
Cell bodies
Associated with processing & cognition

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4
Q

What is the white matter?

A

Bulk of cerebrum, deeper

Glial cells & myelinated axons

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5
Q

What separates the two hemispheres?

A

Longitudinal fissue

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6
Q

Explain the concept of dominance?

A

One hemisphere as greater control over some neurological functions than the other
Broca’s & Wernicke’s areas only in dominant hemisphere

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7
Q

What is the dorsal brainstem?

A

Tectum

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8
Q

What is the ventral brainstem?

A

Tegmentum

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9
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin (circadian rhythm)

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10
Q

What is a fontanelle?

A

2 areas at either end of saiggital suture where other sutures meet

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11
Q

What supplies the medial surface of the brain?

A

Anterior carotid artery

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12
Q

What supplies the lateral surface of the brain?

A

Middle carotid artery

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13
Q

What supplies the posterior surface of the brain?

A

Posterior carotid artery

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14
Q

Where does the falx cerebri attach anteriorly?

A

Crista galli

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15
Q

Where does the superior sagittal sinus run?

A

In thee attachment of the falx cerebri to cranial cavity roof

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16
Q

Where does the inferior sagittal sinus run?

A

Free border of falx cerebri

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17
Q

Where does the straight sinus run?

A

Attachment between falx cerebri & tentorium cerebelli

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18
Q

What sinuses form the convergence of sinuses?

A

Superior sagittal
Straight
Transverse

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19
Q

What continues on from the transverse sinus?

A

Sigmoid sinus

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20
Q

What 3 layers is the blood brain barrier made out of?

A

Astrocyte foot processes
Basement membrane
Capillary epithelium

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21
Q

What is a Berry aneurysm?

A

A sac forming at a bifurcation of arteries

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22
Q

What is a stroke?

A

Where blood fails to reach a portion of the brain for long enough to cause damage

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23
Q

What are the symptoms of a stroke?

A 
Headache
Muscle weakness/paralysis
Speech disturbances
Sensory problems
Memory loss
Confusion
FAST
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24
Q

What are the risk factors for a stroke?

A

High BP
Diabetes
High cholesterol
Family history

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25
Q

What is a TIA?

A

Transient ischaemic attack
Minutes/hour long mini stroke
Could be sign of actual stroke

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26
Q

What joins the body & transverse process of a vertebral bone?

A

Pedicle

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27
Q

What joins the spinous process & transverse process of a vertebral bone?

A

Lamina

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28
Q

How many of each vertebra are there?

A 
7C
12T
5L
5S (fused)
Coccyx
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29
Q

What are the differences between the vertebrae?

A

Cervical - transverse foramen, C1 no body, C2 has superior projection
Thoracic - larger, downwards pointing spinous processes, circular shaped vertebral foramina
Lumbar - largest, triangular vertebral foramina

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30
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the intervertebral discs?

A

Nucleus pulposus - hydrated gel with proteoglycan, collagen, cartilage cells
Annulus fibrosus - surrounds nucleus, 10-12 concentric layers of collagen

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31
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

Lower part of spinal cord, tapered

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32
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

L1/2

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33
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

A projection of pia mater extending from the coonus medullaris to the coccyx

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34
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

Bundle of spinal nerves L2-5 & S1-5

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35
Q

What do the dorsal and ventral horns of the grey matter carry?

A

Dorsal - sensory (terminations)

Ventral - motor (cell bodies)

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36
Q

What do the dorsal, lateral & ventral columns of the white matter carry?

A

Ascending & descending tracts

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37
Q

What are the anterior spinal arteries a branch of?

A

The vertebral arteries (circle of Willis)

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38
Q

What do the paired posterior spinal arteries arise from?

A

The posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (PICA) (circle of Willis)

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39
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 bilateral paired

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40
Q

Where are the cell bodies of motor neurons in the spinal cord?

A

Ventral horn

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41
Q

Where do the spinal nerves love the intervertebral foramen?

A

C1-7 from above respective (named) vertebra
C8 from foramen between C7 & T1
Subsequent arise from below respective vertebra

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42
Q

Why is the caudal equina formed?

A

Spinal cord shorter than vertebrae - gets increasingly superior to foramen

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43
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A 
Initiation of movement
Personality
Higher intellect/consious thought
Social conduct
Mood 
Language
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44
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A

Auditory processing
Memory
Language
Olfactory processing

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45
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A

Sensory processing (most)

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46
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

Visual processing

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47
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex?

A

Pre-central gyrus in frontal lobe
Fibres extend down internal capsule
Betz cells

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48
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

Post-central gyrus in parietal lobe

49
Q

What is the motor & sensory homunculi?

A

Representation of inputs & outputs from/to different parts of body
(legs in middle - ACA stroke)

50
Q

What is Broca’s area?

A

Brodmann’s 44 & 45
Posterior inferior frontal lobe
Production of fluid speech
(lesion = understand, no fluid speech)

51
Q

What is Wernicke’s area?

A

Brodmann’s 22
Posterior superior temporal lobe
Comprehension & understanding language
(lesion = incomprehensible fluid speech, no understanding)

52
Q

What are the main sulci of the cerebrum?

A

Central - frontal & parietal
Lateral/sylvian - frontal & parietal & temporal
Lunate - occipital & parietal

53
Q

What are the ventricles lined by?

A

Ependymal cells

Make up choroid plexus

54
Q

What are the 4 ventricles?

A

Lateral (x2)
Third
Fourth

55
Q

How do the lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventricle?

A

Via the foramen of Monro

56
Q

How does the third ventricle communicate with the fourth ventricle?

A

Cerebral aquaduct

57
Q

How does the CSF leave the fourth ventricle?

A

2 lateral foramina of Luschka

Medial foramen of Magendie

58
Q

What are the 3 main functions of CSF?

A

Protection
Buoyancy
Chemical stability

59
Q

How is CSF drained into venous blood?

A

Arachnoid granulations protrude out into dural venous sinuses

60
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

qBundle of white matter fibres
Connects hemispheres
Allows communication between hemispheres

61
Q

What are the 5 sections of the corpus callosum?

A 
Rostrum
Genu
Body
Isthmus
Splenium
62
Q

What do the fibres of the forceps anterior & posterior do?

A

Connects frontal lobes (anterior)

Connects occipital lobes (posterior)

63
Q

Which cranial nerve originates from the posterior midbrain?

A

Trochlear

64
Q

Is the fasciculus gracilis or cuneatus more lateral?

A

Cuneatus - upper limbs

65
Q

What are the 3 cranial fossa & what do they contain?

A

Anterior - frontal lobe
Middle - parietal, temporal, occipital lobes
Posterior - cerebellum, brainstem

66
Q

What are the 11 main cranial foramina?

A 
Ethmoidal 
Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
Rotundum
Ovale
Spinosum
Lacerum
Internal acoustic meatus
Jugular
Hypoglossal canal
Magnum
67
Q

What passes through the ethmoidal foramina?

A

Olfactory CNI

68
Q

What passes through the optic canal?

A

Optic CNII

69
Q

What passes through the superior orbital fissure?

A

Oculomotor CNIII
Trochlear CNIV
Ophthalmic CNV1
Abducens CNVI

70
Q

What passes through the foramen rotundum?

A

Maxillary CNV2

71
Q

What passes through the foramen ovale?

A

Mandibular CNV3

72
Q

What passes through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

Facial CNVII

Vestibulocochlear CNVIII

73
Q

What passes through the jugular foramen

A

Glossopharyngeal CNIX
Vagus CNX
Accessory spinal CNXI
Internal jugular vein

74
Q

What passes through the hypoglossal canal?

A

Hypoglossal CNXII

75
Q

What passes through the foramen spinosum?

A

No nerves

Middle meningeal blood vessels

76
Q

What passes through the foramen magnum?

A

Spinal cord
Vertebral arteries
Anterior & posterior spinal arteries

77
Q

What are the 3 meninges from superficial to deep?

A

Dura
Arachnoid
Pia

78
Q

What are the two laters of the dura mater?

A

Periosteal (outer)

Meningeal (inner)

79
Q

Where is the CSF contained?

A

Subarachnoid space

80
Q

What does the internal carotid artery split into at the circle of Willis?

A

Middle cerebral artery

Anterior cerebral artery

81
Q

What are the anterior cerebral arteries joined by?

A

Anterior communicating artery

82
Q

What are the internal carotid and posterior cerebral arteries joined by?

A

Posterior communicating artery

83
Q

What are small arteries coming off from the basilar artery?

A

Pontine

84
Q

Where is the superior cerebellar artery found?

A

Between the posterior cerebral artery and the basilar artery

85
Q

What is a long branch from the basilar artery?

A

Labyrinthine artery

86
Q

What is between the basilar artery and the vertebral arteries?

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery

87
Q

What are two branches of the vertebral arteries?

A

Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries

Anterior spinal artery

88
Q

What does the cavernous sinus contain?

A

Oculomotor

Trochlear
Ophthalmic
Maxillary

Carotid artery (internal)
Abducens
T

89
Q

What is the acronym ‘standing room only’ used for?

A

Superior orbital fissure - ophthalmic
Rotundum - maxillary
Ovale - mandibular

90
Q

What of the cranial nerves contain parasympathetic fibres?

A 
1(o)973
CNX - vagus
CNIX - glossopharyngeal
CNVII - facial
CNIII - trigeminal
91
Q

Which of the cranial nerves have purely sensory fibres?

A 
Olfactory CNI
Optic CNII
Ophthalmic CNIII1
Maxillary CNIII2
Vestibulocochlear CNVIII
92
Q

What does the oculomotor nerve do?

A

Innervates 4/6 of the extra-ocular muscles

Parasympathetic controls smooth muscle in eyeball

93
Q

What does the trochlear nerve do?

A

Innervates the superior oblique muscle

94
Q

What does the trigeminal nerve do?

A

Sensation from face/head

Mandibular also muscles of mastication & tensor tympani

95
Q

What does the abducens nerve do?

A

Lateral rectus muscle

96
Q

What does the facial nerve do?

A

Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue, floor of mouth & palate, cutaneous sensation from part of external ear
Muscles of expression, posterior belly of digastric
Parasympathetic to submandibular & sublingual glands

97
Q

What does the vestibulocochlear nerve do?

A

Vestibular for balance

Cochlear for hearing

98
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve do?

A

Cutaneous sensation from pharynx, post 1/3 of tongue, eustachian tube & middle ear, taste from posterior 1/3 tongue & pharynx, chemo & baroreceptors of cartif
Stylopharyngeus
Parasympathetic to parotid gland

99
Q

What does the vagus nerve do?

A

Cutaneous sensation from pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, external auditory meatus, tympanic membrane, taste sensation from epiglottis, chemoreceptors & baroreceptors of aorta
Muscles of pharynx, soft palate, larynx, upper oesophagus
Parasympathetic throughout thoracic & abdominal viscera

100
Q

What does the accessory spinal nerve do?

A

Sternocleidomastoid & trapezius

101
Q

What does the hypoglossal nerve do?

A

Intrinsic & extrinsic muscles of tongue except palatoglossus

102
Q

Which of the cranial nerves have purely motor fibres?

A 
Oculomotor CNIII
Trochlear CNIV
Abducens CNVI
Accessory spinal CNXI
Hypoglossal CNXII
103
Q

Which of the cranial nerves have both sensory & motor fibres?

A

Trigeminal CNV
Facial CNVII
Glossopharyngeal CNIX
Vagus CNX

104
Q

What sensations do the DCML pathway convey?

A 
'nice' 
Fine touch
Two-point discrimination
Vibration
Proprioception
105
Q

What conveys sensation from below T6 & above T6? (DCML)

A

Above - gracile fasciculis medially

Below - cuneate fasciculus

106
Q

Where do the neurons of the DCML pathway decussate?

A

Medulla

107
Q

What sensations do the spinothalamic pathway convey?

A 
'nasty'
Crude touch (ventral/anterior)
Pressure (ventral/anterior)
Pain (lateral)
Temperature (lateral)
108
Q

Where do the neurons of the spinothalamic pathway decussate?

A

1-3 segments above where they enter the spinal cord

Substantia gelatinosa

109
Q

What does the corticospinal tract do?

A

Cosnious motor innervation of the muscles of the body

110
Q

Where do the neurons of the corticospinal pathway decussate?

A

75-90% in medulla - lateral

At level of exit - ventral

111
Q

What do the lateral & ventral corticospinal tracts innervate?

A

Lateral - limbs

Ventral - trunk

112
Q

What is the floor of the fourth ventricle known as?

A

Rhomboid fossa

113
Q

What is the stria medullaris?

A

Fibres that run laterally along the floor of the 4th ventricle, dividing it into a superior pontine half & inferior medullary half

114
Q

What are the 2 main types of memory?

A

Working/short-tern

Long-term

115
Q

What are the 2 main types of long-term memory?

A

Explicit - facts & events

Implicit - skills, conditioned reflexes & emotions

116
Q

What are the 2 main types of explicit memory?

A

Episodic - events & experiences

Semantic - facts, ideas & concepts

117
Q

Where are the types of implicit memory remembered?

A

Skills & habits = cerebellum & basal ganglia
Conditioned reflexes = cerebellum
Emotional memory = amygdala

118
Q

Where do the DCML & spinothalamic tracts terminate?

A

Thalamus, VPL nucleus

119
Q

What is in the internal capsule?

A

Projection fibres

Axons from motor cortex to deep brain structures

Phase 1 Medicine - Riona (13 decks)

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