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Phase 1 Medicine - Riona > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What is the muscular ridge found between the atria?

A

Crista terminalis

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2
Q

What is the fossa ovalis a remnant of?

A

Foramen ovale in foetal heart
Shunt to bypass lungs
RA

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3
Q

What are trabeculae carnae?

A

Irregular muscular elevations in the inflow part of the ventricles

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4
Q

What are attached to the tricuspid/mitral valves to prevent prolapse? (2)

A

Papillary muscles & chordae tendineae

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5
Q

What is the route the blood takes through systemic & pulmonary circulation?

A

Body > IVC/SVC > RA > tricuspid valve > RV > pulmonary valve > pulmonary arteries > lungs > pulmonary veins > LA > mitral valve> LV > aortic valve > aorta > body!

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6
Q

What is the superior vena cava formed from?

A

The merging of the brachiocephalic veins

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7
Q

At what level does the IVC enter the thorax?

A

T8

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8
Q

Give the 5 branches of the aortic arch, and the bifurcation of one of these branches

A

R & L coronary arteries
Brachiocephalic trunk (bifurcates into R subclavian & R common carotid arteries)
L common carotid artery
L subclavian

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9
Q

What are the 3 main layers of the heart wall from innermost to outermost?

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium

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10
Q

What does the L coronary artery split into?

A

LAD
LMA
LCxA

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11
Q

What does the R coronary artery split into?

A

PIvA

RMA

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12
Q

What artery supplies the AVN & SAN?

A

RCA

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13
Q

What does the superior mediastinum contain?

A

Arch of aorta
SVC
Phrenic nerve
Vagus nerve

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14
Q

What is the inferior border of the superior mediastinum?

A

The level of the sternal angle

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15
Q

What is referred pain?

A

Pain perceived at a location other than at the site of the painful stimulus

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16
Q

What is the referred pain for the heart?

A

Jaw
L shoulder
L arm
Back

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17
Q

What are the 2 layers of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous (external)

Serous (internal)

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18
Q

What are the 4 functions of the pericardium?

A

Limits motion
Prevents overfilling
Provides lubrication
Protection from infection

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19
Q

What is systole?

A

The ventricular contraction phase

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20
Q

What does the ECG mean in terms of depolarisation of the heart?

A

P wave: depolarisation of atrium
QRS complex: depolarisation of ventricle
T wave: repolarisation of ventricle

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21
Q

What are the 5 stages of the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. Atrial systole
  2. Isovolumetric contraction
  3. Ventricular ejection
  4. Isovolumetric relaxation
  5. Ventricular filling
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22
Q

What is Starling’s law of the heart?

A

SV of the heart will increase in response to an increase in EDV when all other factors remain constant

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23
Q

Explain Starling’s law of the heart

A

The sarcomeres stretch more when the ventricle is more full (EDV increased)
There is more ability to contract more
Due to increased venous return

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24
Q

Give an equation that links HR, SV & CO

A

CO = HR x SV

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25
Q

Describe the length-tension relationship

A

As the length of the sarcomeres increases, contraction is stronger
Until the filaments are separated completely - no contraction can then take place

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26
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic NS?

A

Acetylcholine

27
Q

What is the area where there are no thick filaments in a sarcomere?

A

I-band

28
Q

Give the 4 stages of the sliding-filament theory of muscle contraction

A

Cross bridge binds to actin
Cross bridge moves actin by releasing ADP & Pi
ATP binds to cross bridge causing it to detach
Hydrolysis of ATP

29
Q

What molecule blocks the binding sites on actin?

A

Tropomyosin

30
Q

What molecule holds tropomyosin in place?

A

Troponin

31
Q

What causes tropomyosin to move from its blocking position?

A

Calcium ions

32
Q

What are the steps of excitation-contraction coupling?

A

Action potential propagated down plasma membrane of T-tubules
Voltage-gated channels open - small Ca2+ influx
Ca2+ binds to ryanodine receptors on sarcoplasmic reticulum
Channels open, releasing calcium storage

33
Q

What are the 6 layers of arteries/veins from innermost?

A 
Lumen
Tunica intima
Internal elastic lamina
Tunica media
External elastic lamina
Tunica adventitia
34
Q

What property of large arteries has the biggest impact on blood pressure?

A

Stretch/recoil

35
Q

Give an equation relating MAP, CO, TPR

A

MAP = CO x TPR

36
Q

Give an equation for MAP

A

MAP = DP + 1/3 (SP - DP)

DP diastolic pressure
SP systolic pressure

37
Q

Give an equation for pulse pressure

A

PP = SP - DP

38
Q

What nerve is the heart rate controlled by?

A

Vagus, sympathetic

39
Q

Where are 2 main baroreceptors found?

A

Carotid sinus

Aortic arch

40
Q

What do chemoreceptors respond to?

A

CO2
O2
H+

41
Q

What is Ohm’s law?

A

Flow rate is directly proportional to pressure difference

Flow rate is inversely proportional to resistance

42
Q

What is Poiseulle’s law?

A

Resistance is directly proportional to the viscosity of the fluid
Resistance is inversely proportional to the radius of the vessel

43
Q

What is an autocrine substance?

A

A substance thats effects are on the cell by which it was secreted (local control)

44
Q

What are 2 extrinsic controls of TPR?

A

Hormonal

Neural

45
Q

What does NO do to blood vessels?

A

Vasodilates

46
Q

What does adrenaline bind to to cause vasoconstriction/dilation?

A

Vasoconstriction - alpha-adrenergic receptors

Vasodilation - beta-2-adrenergic receptors

47
Q

What are the 12 ECG leads?

A

I, II, III
aVR, aVL, aVF
V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6

48
Q

Describe the conduction pathway

A 
SAN
AVN (delays)
Interventricular septum
Bundle of His
L & R branches
Purkinje fibres
Cells
Impulse
49
Q

What are the phases of the cardiac myocyte action potential?

A

Phase 4: negative membrane potential; Na+K+ATPase pump pumps Na+ out & K+ in; K+ leak out
Phase 0: adjacent cell undergoes depolarisation; Na+ & Ca2+ diffuse into cell via gap junctions; Na+ channels open: Na+ flood in; depolarisation of cell
Phase 1: Na+ channels close; K+ channels open; K+ diffuse out; partial depolarisation
Phase 2: Ca2+ channels open; Ca2+ diffuse in (counteract effect of K+ leaving); plateau
Phase 3: Ca2+ channels close; K+ continues to leave; repolarisation

50
Q

What is the product of the breakdown of erythrocytes?

A

Bilirubin

51
Q

What stimulates RBC development from unspecialised cells?

A

EPO, a hormonal growth factor

52
Q

What are the 5 types of leukocyte?

A

Eosinophil (PMG, fights infections)
Basophil (PMG, secrete histamine & anticlotting factor)
Neutrophil (PMG, phagocytes)
Monocyte (develop into macrophages)
Lymphocyte (immune role, B & T main types)

53
Q

Describe the steps of platelet plug formation

A

Connective tissue collagen fibres are exposed
van Willebrand factor (produced by platelets & endothelial cells) binds to collagen fibres
vWf shape changed
vWf can now bind to platelets
Forms bridge between collagen & platelets
Platelets release the contents of their vesicles

54
Q

What is platelet aggregation?

A

Some changes cause platelets still in the bloodstream to bind to platelets already bound to collagen fibres

55
Q

What does platelet aggregation stimulate?

A

Platelets to synthesis Thromboxane A2, which is released into the ECF and further stimulates platelet aggregation & release of the contents of their vesicles

56
Q

What is platelet contraction?

A

This aids sealing of the plug
Platelets contain large amounts of myosin & actin
Compress & strengthen plug

57
Q

What prevents the platelet plug from continuously expanding?

A

Intact adjacent epithelium produces prostacyclin & NO

58
Q

What is blood coagulation?

A

The transformation of blood into a solid gel made primarily of fibrin

59
Q

What are the 3 main actions of thrombin?

A

Converts fibrinogen to fibrin
Catalyses the conversion of factors V, VIII, XI to their active forms
Activates platelets

60
Q

What type of antibodies do people with type A erythrocytes have in their plasma?

A

Anti-B

61
Q

What epithelium lines blood & lymph vessels?

A

Simple squamous

62
Q

What are the chambers of the heart lined by?

A

Endocardium

63
Q

State 5 metabolic or physiological factors that reduce peripheral vascular resistance

A 
Nitric oxide/metabolic breakdown products, 
Hypoxia, 
Hypercapnia, 
Reduced sympathetic stimulation, 
Parasympathetic stimulation

Phase 1 Medicine - Riona (13 decks)

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