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Review > Public Health > Flashcards

Public Health Flashcards

1
Q

A specialized area of biology that deals with living things usually too small for the naked eye without magnification

A

Microbiology

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2
Q

used for microorganisms in reference to their role in infection and disease

A

Microbes

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3
Q

microorganisms not having a nucleus and are smaller in size

A

Prokaryote

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4
Q

microorganisms having a nucleus and is larger

A

Eukaryotes

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5
Q

Dutch tailor, merchant, and self-made microbiologist who made the microscope

A

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

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6
Q

Taxonomy

A

Linnaeus

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7
Q

Infection control and epidemiology

A

Semmelweis/Snow

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8
Q

Industrial microbiology, food and beverage technology

A

Pasteur

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9
Q

Microbial metabolism, genetics, genetic engineering

A

Buchner

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10
Q

Etiology

A

Koch

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11
Q

Virology

A

Ivanowski

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12
Q

Environmental microbiology Ecological Microbiology

A

Beijerinwick / Winogradsky

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13
Q

Microbial Morphology

A

Gram

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14
Q

Antiseptic medical techniques, Hospital microbiology

A

Lister/Nightingale

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15
Q

Serology, Immunology

A

Jenner/von Behring/Kitasato

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16
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Ehrlich:

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17
Q

Pharmaceutical microbiology

A

Fleming

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18
Q

The formal system for organizing, classifying, and naming living things.

A

Taxonomy

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19
Q

Swedish botanist, laid down the basic rules for taxonomic categories, or taxa

A

Carl von Linné

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20
Q

The orderly arrangement of organisms into groups, preferably in a format that shows evolutionary relationships.

A

Classification

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21
Q

The process of assigning names to the various taxonomic rankings of each microbial species.

A

Nomenclature

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22
Q

The process of discovering and recording the traits of the organisms so that they may be placed in an overall taxonomic scheme.

A

Identification

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23
Q

the method of assigning the scientific or specific name.

A

Binomial system of nomenclature

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24
Q

The natural relatedness between groups of living things.

A

Phylogeny

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25
Q

Used by biologists to create a system of taxonomy.

A

Phylogenetic relationships

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26
Q

added a 5th kingdom for fungi during the period 1959-1969.

A

Traditional Whittaker system

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27
Q

A system proposed by Carl Woese and George Fox that assigns all organisms to one of three domains, each described by a different type of cell.

A

Woese-Fox system

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28
Q

Organisms that derive their nutrients from other organisms; require one or more organic compounds as their carbon source.

A

Heterotrophs

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29
Q

Organisms that utilize inorganic source of carbon (C02). Also called primary producers

A

Autotrophs

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30
Q

Organisms that obtain energy from organic and inorganic chemical compounds

A

Chemotrophs

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31
Q

contain pigments that allow them to use light as an energy source

A

Phototrophs

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32
Q

organisms that acquire electrons from the same organic molecules that provide them carbon and energy.

A

Organotrophs

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33
Q

organisms that acquire electrons from inorganic sources

A

Lithotrophs

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34
Q

Organisms that obtain energy from organic compound

A

Chemoorganotrophs

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35
Q

Microorganisms that can extract energy from the compound only in the presence of oxygen

A

Aerobes

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36
Q

microorganisms that can extract energy from the compound only in the absence of oxygen

A

Anaerobes

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37
Q

Organisms that can tap the energy available from inorganic compounds.

A

Chemolithotrophs

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38
Q

Organisms inhabiting extreme environments

A

Extremophiles

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39
Q

Fundamental unit of life

A

Cell

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40
Q

Refers to the chemical reactions in the cell, including the synthesis of proteins on ribosomes and the capture and release of energy.

A

Metabolism

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41
Q

A cell can direct a series of biochemical events that results in growth and division to form new cells.

A

Reproduction

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42
Q

A process by which new substances or structures are formed

A

Differentiation

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43
Q

Cells respond to chemical signals in their environment, including those produced by other cells.

A

Communication

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44
Q

A process wherein cells can assess their own numbers by way of small diffusible molecules passed between neighboring cells

A

Quorum sensing

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45
Q

Motility originates from special locomotor structures

A

Movement

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46
Q

the process through which cells can change their characteristics and transmit these new properties to their offspring

A

Evolution

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47
Q

Simple, single-cell life forms. Lack nucleus or organelles

A

Prokaryotic Cells

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48
Q

Projections that extend from the cells of some bacteria

A

Appendages

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49
Q

Propel a cell through its environment

A

Flagella

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50
Q

With single flagellum

A

Monotrichous

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51
Q

Small branches or tufts of flagella emerging from the same site

A

Lophotrichous

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52
Q

with flagella at both poles of the cell

A

Amphitrichous

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53
Q

flagella are dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell

A

Peritrichous

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54
Q

Sticky, bristle-like projections used to adhere to one to one another or substance in the environment

A

Fimbriae

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55
Q

provide a means for genetic exchange

A

Pili

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56
Q

Gelatinous, sticky substance that surrounds the outside of the cell

A

Glycocalyx

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57
Q

Boundary layer of bacteria

A

Cell Envelope

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58
Q
  • a staining technique developed by a Danish physician named Hans Christian Gram, that delineates two major groups of bacteria
A

Gram Stain

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59
Q

A macromolecule which makes the cell walls of most bacteria relatively rigid.

A

Peptidoglycan

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60
Q

An important reaction site for substances that enter and leave the cell

A

Periplasmic space

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61
Q

Provides the kind of strong structural support necessary to keep a bacterium from bursting or collapsing because of changes in osmotic pressure.

A

Cell Wall

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62
Q

§ Bacteria that naturally lack a cell wall.

A

Mycoplasmas

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63
Q

a process of cell destruction, as occurs in bursting

A

lysis

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64
Q

property of extreme variations in shape

A

Pleomorphism

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65
Q

adheres to cells in the lungs and causes pneumonia in human

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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66
Q

wall-deficient forms of bacteria

A

L forms or L-phase variants

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67
Q

what a gram-positive cell becomes of when it is exposed to either lyzosome or penicillin and loses its cell wall completely

A

Protoplast

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68
Q

what a gram-negative cell becomes of when exposed to lyzosome or penicillin, losing its peptidoglycan but retains its outer membrane, leaving it less fragile.

A

Spheroplast

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69
Q

Appearing just beneath the cell wall

A

Cell Membrane

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70
Q

Internal folds formed by the cell membrane in the cytoplasm

A

Mesosomes

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71
Q

A dense, gelatinous solution surrounded by the cell membrane

A

Cytoplasm or cytoplasmic matrix

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72
Q

An extremely long molecule of DNA that is tightly coiled to fit inside the cell compartment.

A

Chromosome

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73
Q

the chemical substance that comprises the genetic material of organisms; master computer of cells

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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74
Q

Central area of the cell where the chromosomes are condensed

A

Nucleoid

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75
Q

Tiny strands which exist as separate double-stranded circles of DNA, although at times they can become integrated into the chromosome.

A

Plasmids

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76
Q

helper molecules responsible for carrying out DNA’s instructions and translating the DNA program into proteins that perform life functions.

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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77
Q

Made of RNA and protein

A

Ribosomes

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78
Q

rate the molecular sizes of various cell parts that have been spun down and separated by molecular weight and shape in a centrifuge.

A

Svedberg units

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79
Q

Storage structures where nutrients are stored during periods of nutrient abundance

A

Inclusions

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80
Q

Helps give the bacterium its shape

A

Cytoskeleton

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81
Q

A highly resistant structure for survival

A

Endospore

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82
Q

process of forming an endospore when the cell is exposed to adverse environmental conditions.

A

Sporulation

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83
Q

spherical or ball-shaped; oval, bean-shaped or even pointed variants

A

Coccus

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84
Q

or rod, cylindrical (longer than wide)

A

Bacillus

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85
Q

short and plump

A

Coccobacillus

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86
Q

gently curved

A

Vibrio

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87
Q

curved or spiral-shaped cylinder; rigid helix twisted twice or more along its axis.

A

Spirillum

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88
Q

more flexible form that resembles a spring

A

Spirochete

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89
Q

Due to individual variations in the cell wall structure caused by nutritional or slight hereditary differences.

A

Pleomorphic

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90
Q

considered rod-shaped, in culture they display club-shaped, swollen, curved, filamentous and coccoid variations

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

91
Q

have greatest variety in arrangement

A

Cocci

92
Q

in pairs

A

Diplococci

93
Q

groups of four

A

Tetrads

94
Q

In chains of a few to hundreds of cells

A

Streptococci

95
Q

cubical packet of 8, 16 or more cells

A

Sarcina

96
Q

Less varied in arrangement because they divide only in transverse plane

A

Bacilli

97
Q

pair of cells with their ends attached

A

Diplobacilli

98
Q

chain of several cells

A

Streptobacilli

99
Q

formed when the cells of a chain remain partially attached by a small hinge region at the ends

A

Palisades

100
Q

Occasionally found in short chains

A

Spirilla

101
Q

Rarely remain attached after division

A

Spirochetes

102
Q

Traits that can be valuable aids to identification are combinations of cell shape and size, Gram stain reaction, acid-fast reaction, and special structures, including endospores, granules, and capsules. Electron microscope studies can pinpoint additional structural features (such as the cell wall, flagella, pili, and fimbriae).

A

Microscopic Morphology

103
Q

Appearance of colonies, including texture, size, shape, pigment, speed of growth and patterns of growth in broth and gelatin media.

A

Macroscopic Morphology

104
Q

Enzymes and other biochemical properties of bacteria are fairly reliable and stable expressions of the “chemical identity” of each species. Diagnostic tests determine the presence of specific enzymes and assess nutritional and metabolic activities.

A

Physiological/Biochemical Characteristics

105
Q

○ Analyzing the types of specific structural substances that the bacterium contains. such as the chemical composition of peptides in the cell wall and lipids in membranes.

A

Chemical Analysis

106
Q

Bacteria display molecules called antigens that are recognized by the immune system. One immune response to antigens is to produce antibodies that are designed to bind tightly to the antigens

A

Serological Analysis

107
Q

○ Analysis examining the genetic material itself has revolutionized the identification and classification Of bacteria.

A

Genetic and Molecular

108
Q

One of the most valuable indicators of evolutionary relatedness is the sequence of nitrogen bases in ribosomal RNA, a major component ribosomes.

A

Nucleic acid sequencing and rRNA analysis

109
Q

largest phylum of bacteria

A

Proteobacteria

110
Q

Free-living and not involved in disease

A

Nonpathogenic bacterial groups

111
Q

independent cells that contain special light-trapping pigments and can use the sunlight energy to synthesize all required nutrients from simple inorganic compounds.

A

Photosynthetic bacteria

112
Q

also called blue-green bacteria; oldest types of bacteria on earth; very widely distributed in nature.

A

Cyanobacteria

113
Q

extensive internal membranes of cyanobacteria, which contain granules of chlorophyll a and other photosynthetic pigments.

A

Thylakoids

114
Q

They differ from cyanobacteria in having a different type of chlorophyll called bacteriochlorophyll and by not giving off oxygen as a product of photosynthesis

A

Green and purple sulfur bacteria

115
Q

A mixed collection of gram negative bacteria that live in water and soil.

A

Gliding, fruiting bacteria

116
Q

lime bacteria; most intriguing and exceptional members of the group.

A

Myxobacteria

117
Q

are within the gram-negative group but are small obligate intracellular parasites that replicate within cells of the hosts they invade.

A

Rickettsias and chlamydias

118
Q

named for Howard Ricketts, a physician who first worked with these organisms and later lost his life to typhus.

A

Rickettsias

119
Q

caused by Rickettsia rickettsii (transmitted by ticks)

A

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

120
Q

caused by Rickettsia typhi (transmitted by fleas

A

Murine typhus

121
Q

caused by Rickettsia prowazekii (transmitted by lice)

A

Endemic typhus

122
Q

caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi (transmitted by chiggers)

A

Scrub typhus

123
Q

Single-celled, simple organisms which are prokaryotic in general structure and share many bacterial characteristics

A

Archea

124
Q

which convert C02 and 1-12 into methane gas (CHA

A

methanogens

125
Q

grow at very high temperatures

A

Hyperthermophiles

126
Q

grow at very low temperatures

A

Psychrophilic

127
Q

require salt to grow and may have such a high salt tolerance that they can multiply in sodium chloride solutions

A

Halophiles

128
Q

Nearly any object can serve as source of microbes. Common ones are body fluids and tissues, foods, water and soil. Specimens are removed by some form of sampling device

A

Specimen collection

129
Q

producing a culture by introducing a tiny sample (inoculum) into a container of nutrient medium

A

Inoculation

130
Q

An incubator creates the proper growth temperature and other conditions. This promotes multiplication of the microbes over a period of hours, days, and even weeks. Incubation produces a culture—the visible growth of the microbe in or on the medium

A

Incubation

131
Q

separating one species from another

A

Isolation

132
Q

The colonies or broth cultures are observed macroscopically for growth characteristics (color, texture, size) that could be useful in analyzing the specimen contents.

A

Inspection

133
Q

A major purpose of the Five “I’s is to determine the type of microbe, usually to the level of species.

A

Identification

134
Q

water-based solutions that do not solidify at temperatures above freezing and that tend to flow freely when the container is tilted.

A

Liquid media

135
Q

exhibit a dotlike consistency at ordinary room temperature; contain an amount of solidifying agent (agar or gelatin) that thickens them but does not produce firm substrate.

A

Semisolid media

136
Q

rovide a firm surface on which cells can form discrete colonies

A

Solid media

137
Q

With chemically defined compositions

A

Synthetic media

138
Q

One component of the media is not chemically definable

A

No synthetic or complex media

139
Q

designed to grow a broad spectrum of microbes that do not have special growth requirements.

A

General-purpose media

140
Q

contains complex organic substances such as blood, serum, hemoglobin or special growth factors

A

Enriched media

141
Q

Contains one or more agents that inhibit the growth the unwanted background microorganisms and allowing growth of the desired ones

A

Selective Media

142
Q

Grow several types of microorganisms but are designed to bring out visible differences among those microorganisms

A

Differential Media

143
Q

the ability to make objects appear large

A

Magnification

144
Q

he ability to show detai

A

Resolution or resolving power

145
Q

Wet mounts and hanging drop mounts permit examination Of the characteristics of live cells, such as motility, shape and arrangement.

A

Fresh, living preparations

146
Q

Fixed mounts are made by drying and heating a film of the specimen called a smear

A

Fixed, stained smears

147
Q

Media can be classified according to 3 properties

A

Physical State, Chemical Composition and Functional type

148
Q

Means through the body become infected by disease producing agents. The channels may be respiratory tract, the digestive tract and exterior surfaces of the body Means through the body become infected by disease producing agents. The channels may be respiratory tract, the digestive tract and exterior surfaces of the body

A

Channel of infection

149
Q
  • The manner of entry are similar with the mode of exit from the reservoir
A

Portals of entry

150
Q

The most important portals of entry are:

A

Skin, Mucus membranes, and Placenta

151
Q

the immediate transfer of an agent from a reservoirs to a susceptible hose by direct physical contact

A

Direct transmission

152
Q

the transmission of an agent carried from a reservoir to a susceptible host by fomites

A

Indirect Transmission

153
Q

inanimate objects that have come in contact with a sick person

A

Fomites

154
Q

involves the transfer of pathogens via infectious droplets. Droplets may be generated by coughing, sneezing and even talking

A

Droplet Transmission

155
Q

§ Involves contaminated objects such as food, water, dust and bodily fluid handled outside the body

A

Vehicular transmission

156
Q

involves the dispersed of droplet nuclei, which are residue or evaporated droplets

A

Airborne transmission

157
Q

Includes air, soil, dust, food milk, water, and fomites

A

Nonliving Reservoir

158
Q

Vector of Relapsing Fever (borreliosis)

A

Ticks

159
Q

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever

A

Ticks

160
Q

§ Lyme disease

A

Ticks

161
Q

tularemia

A

Ticks

162
Q

Sand-fly fever (phelebotomus fever)

A

Sandflies

163
Q

Leishmaniasis

A

Sandflies

164
Q

West Nile fever

A

Culex (Mosquitoes)

165
Q

Lymphatic filariasis

A

Culex (Mosquitoes)

166
Q

Japanese encephalitis

A

Culex (Mosquitoes)

167
Q

Malaria

A

Anopheles (Mosquitoes)

168
Q

Chikungunya

A

Aedes (Mosquitoes)

169
Q

Yellow fever

A

Aedes (Mosquitoes)

170
Q

Rift Valley fever

A

Aedes (Mosquitoes)

171
Q

Dengue fever

A

Aedes (Mosquitoes)

172
Q

Infectious diseases that human acquire from animal sources

A

Zoonotic Diseases

173
Q

Invertebrate (w/o back bones) animals with joined legs and commonly associated with human infections

A

Arthropods

174
Q

§ Completely recovered from the disease but continue to harbor the pathogen indefinitely

A

Active Carrier

175
Q

The harbor and can transmit a particular pathogen while recovering from an infectious disease

A

Convalescent Carriers

176
Q

A person who is capable of transmitting a pathogen during the incubatory period of a particular infectious disease

A

Incubatory Carrier

177
Q

Carry the pathogen w/o ever having the disease

A

Passive Carrier

178
Q

A person or animal w/o apparent disease who harbors a specific infectious agent and is capable of transmitting the agent to others

A

Carrier

179
Q

an epidemic among animals

A

Epizootic

180
Q

An infection or infectious disease of animals transmissible under natural conditions to man

A

Zoonotic Diseases (Zoonoses)

181
Q

Lyme disease

A

deer

182
Q

Bubonic plagues

A

rodents

183
Q

Yellow fever

A

monkeys

184
Q

Rabies

A

dogs, bats, skunks and foxes

185
Q

when bacteria are present in a person’s nose, mouth, gut or other site, but do not cause illness

A

Colonization

186
Q

○ The habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows and multiplies or merely survive until it is transferred to a host

A

Reservoir of infection

187
Q

The time during which the patient recovers

A

Convalescent period

188
Q

The time during which the patient experiences the typical symptoms associated with that particular disease

A

Period of illness

189
Q

The time during which the patient feels “out of sorts” but is not yet experiencing actual symptoms of the disease

A

Prodromal period

190
Q

The time that elapses between arrival of the pathogen and onset of symptoms

A

Incubation period

191
Q

Phase when the agent becomes established in the host

A

Pathogenesis Phase

192
Q

A person or other living organism that can be infected by an infectious agent under natural conditions

A

Host

193
Q

The ecological conditions that favor the interaction of host and agent

A

Environment

194
Q

Microorganism capable of producing infectious disease under circumstances of hose and environment favoring transmission

A

Infectious agent

195
Q

Phase before a disease infects an individual through interaction of the agent, the host, and the environment factors

A

Pre-pathogenesis Phase

196
Q

Communicable diseases that are easily transmitted from one to another

A

Contagious Diseases

197
Q

Infectious diseases that can be transmitted from one to another

A

Communicable Diseases

198
Q

Diseases caused by pathogens

A

Infectious Diseases

199
Q

The study of the distribution or condition in a population

A

Epidemiology

200
Q

The study of the essential nature of diseases and especially of the structural and functional changes produced by them

A

Pathology

201
Q

May be considered the antithesis of health

A

Disease

202
Q

Deals with the control of the environment, with those modifications and protective and preventive measures that have been found desirable or necessary for providing optimum conditions for health and well-being

A

Public Health Engineering

203
Q

The science dealing with the prevention and control of diseases by eliminating or controlling the environmental factors which may form links in disease transmission

A

Environmental Sanitation

204
Q

Branch of public health that is concerned with all aspects of the natural and built environment that may affect human health

A

Environmental Health

205
Q

All organized measures to prevent disease, promote health, and prolong of life among the population as a whole

A

Public health

206
Q

WHO was established

A

April 7 1948

207
Q

State of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

A

Health

208
Q

Tox-

A

Poison

209
Q

Terato-

A

Defects

210
Q

Septi-

A

Presence of pathogen

211
Q

-patho, patho-

A

Abnormal

212
Q

-osis

A

Condition of

213
Q

-oma

A

Tumor

214
Q

-itis

A

Inflammation

215
Q

Idio-

A

Unknown

216
Q

Hepat-

A

Liver

217
Q

-genesis

A

Development

218
Q

-gen, gen-

A

Give rise to

219
Q

Endo-

A

Inside

220
Q

-emia

A

Pertaining to blood

221
Q

Dermato-

A

Skin

222
Q

Col-, Colo

A

Colon

223
Q

Carcino-

A

Cancer

Review (6 decks)

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