Public Health Flashcards
A specialized area of biology that deals with living things usually too small for the naked eye without magnification
Microbiology
used for microorganisms in reference to their role in infection and disease
Microbes
microorganisms not having a nucleus and are smaller in size
Prokaryote
microorganisms having a nucleus and is larger
Eukaryotes
Dutch tailor, merchant, and self-made microbiologist who made the microscope
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
Taxonomy
Linnaeus
Infection control and epidemiology
Semmelweis/Snow
Industrial microbiology, food and beverage technology
Pasteur
Microbial metabolism, genetics, genetic engineering
Buchner
Etiology
Koch
Virology
Ivanowski
Environmental microbiology Ecological Microbiology
Beijerinwick / Winogradsky
Microbial Morphology
Gram
Antiseptic medical techniques, Hospital microbiology
Lister/Nightingale
Serology, Immunology
Jenner/von Behring/Kitasato
Chemotherapy
Ehrlich:
Pharmaceutical microbiology
Fleming
The formal system for organizing, classifying, and naming living things.
Taxonomy
Swedish botanist, laid down the basic rules for taxonomic categories, or taxa
Carl von Linné
The orderly arrangement of organisms into groups, preferably in a format that shows evolutionary relationships.
Classification
The process of assigning names to the various taxonomic rankings of each microbial species.
Nomenclature
The process of discovering and recording the traits of the organisms so that they may be placed in an overall taxonomic scheme.
Identification
the method of assigning the scientific or specific name.
Binomial system of nomenclature
The natural relatedness between groups of living things.
Phylogeny
Used by biologists to create a system of taxonomy.
Phylogenetic relationships
added a 5th kingdom for fungi during the period 1959-1969.
Traditional Whittaker system
A system proposed by Carl Woese and George Fox that assigns all organisms to one of three domains, each described by a different type of cell.
Woese-Fox system
Organisms that derive their nutrients from other organisms; require one or more organic compounds as their carbon source.
Heterotrophs
Organisms that utilize inorganic source of carbon (C02). Also called primary producers
Autotrophs
Organisms that obtain energy from organic and inorganic chemical compounds
Chemotrophs
contain pigments that allow them to use light as an energy source
Phototrophs
organisms that acquire electrons from the same organic molecules that provide them carbon and energy.
Organotrophs
organisms that acquire electrons from inorganic sources
Lithotrophs
Organisms that obtain energy from organic compound
Chemoorganotrophs
Microorganisms that can extract energy from the compound only in the presence of oxygen
Aerobes
microorganisms that can extract energy from the compound only in the absence of oxygen
Anaerobes
Organisms that can tap the energy available from inorganic compounds.
Chemolithotrophs
Organisms inhabiting extreme environments
Extremophiles
Fundamental unit of life
Cell
Refers to the chemical reactions in the cell, including the synthesis of proteins on ribosomes and the capture and release of energy.
Metabolism
A cell can direct a series of biochemical events that results in growth and division to form new cells.
Reproduction
A process by which new substances or structures are formed
Differentiation
Cells respond to chemical signals in their environment, including those produced by other cells.
Communication
A process wherein cells can assess their own numbers by way of small diffusible molecules passed between neighboring cells
Quorum sensing
Motility originates from special locomotor structures
Movement
the process through which cells can change their characteristics and transmit these new properties to their offspring
Evolution
Simple, single-cell life forms. Lack nucleus or organelles
Prokaryotic Cells
Projections that extend from the cells of some bacteria
Appendages
Propel a cell through its environment
Flagella
With single flagellum
Monotrichous
Small branches or tufts of flagella emerging from the same site
Lophotrichous
with flagella at both poles of the cell
Amphitrichous
flagella are dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell
Peritrichous
Sticky, bristle-like projections used to adhere to one to one another or substance in the environment
Fimbriae
provide a means for genetic exchange
Pili
Gelatinous, sticky substance that surrounds the outside of the cell
Glycocalyx
Boundary layer of bacteria
Cell Envelope
- a staining technique developed by a Danish physician named Hans Christian Gram, that delineates two major groups of bacteria
Gram Stain
A macromolecule which makes the cell walls of most bacteria relatively rigid.
Peptidoglycan
An important reaction site for substances that enter and leave the cell
Periplasmic space
Provides the kind of strong structural support necessary to keep a bacterium from bursting or collapsing because of changes in osmotic pressure.
Cell Wall
§ Bacteria that naturally lack a cell wall.
Mycoplasmas
a process of cell destruction, as occurs in bursting
lysis
property of extreme variations in shape
Pleomorphism
adheres to cells in the lungs and causes pneumonia in human
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
wall-deficient forms of bacteria
L forms or L-phase variants
what a gram-positive cell becomes of when it is exposed to either lyzosome or penicillin and loses its cell wall completely
Protoplast
what a gram-negative cell becomes of when exposed to lyzosome or penicillin, losing its peptidoglycan but retains its outer membrane, leaving it less fragile.
Spheroplast
Appearing just beneath the cell wall
Cell Membrane
Internal folds formed by the cell membrane in the cytoplasm
Mesosomes
A dense, gelatinous solution surrounded by the cell membrane
Cytoplasm or cytoplasmic matrix
An extremely long molecule of DNA that is tightly coiled to fit inside the cell compartment.
Chromosome
the chemical substance that comprises the genetic material of organisms; master computer of cells
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Central area of the cell where the chromosomes are condensed
Nucleoid
Tiny strands which exist as separate double-stranded circles of DNA, although at times they can become integrated into the chromosome.
Plasmids
helper molecules responsible for carrying out DNA’s instructions and translating the DNA program into proteins that perform life functions.
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Made of RNA and protein
Ribosomes
rate the molecular sizes of various cell parts that have been spun down and separated by molecular weight and shape in a centrifuge.
Svedberg units
Storage structures where nutrients are stored during periods of nutrient abundance
Inclusions
Helps give the bacterium its shape
Cytoskeleton
A highly resistant structure for survival
Endospore
process of forming an endospore when the cell is exposed to adverse environmental conditions.
Sporulation
spherical or ball-shaped; oval, bean-shaped or even pointed variants
Coccus
or rod, cylindrical (longer than wide)
Bacillus
short and plump
Coccobacillus
gently curved
Vibrio
curved or spiral-shaped cylinder; rigid helix twisted twice or more along its axis.
Spirillum
more flexible form that resembles a spring
Spirochete
Due to individual variations in the cell wall structure caused by nutritional or slight hereditary differences.
Pleomorphic
considered rod-shaped, in culture they display club-shaped, swollen, curved, filamentous and coccoid variations
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
have greatest variety in arrangement
Cocci
in pairs
Diplococci
groups of four
Tetrads
In chains of a few to hundreds of cells
Streptococci
cubical packet of 8, 16 or more cells
Sarcina
Less varied in arrangement because they divide only in transverse plane
Bacilli
pair of cells with their ends attached
Diplobacilli
chain of several cells
Streptobacilli
formed when the cells of a chain remain partially attached by a small hinge region at the ends
Palisades
Occasionally found in short chains
Spirilla
Rarely remain attached after division
Spirochetes
Traits that can be valuable aids to identification are combinations of cell shape and size, Gram stain reaction, acid-fast reaction, and special structures, including endospores, granules, and capsules. Electron microscope studies can pinpoint additional structural features (such as the cell wall, flagella, pili, and fimbriae).
Microscopic Morphology
Appearance of colonies, including texture, size, shape, pigment, speed of growth and patterns of growth in broth and gelatin media.
Macroscopic Morphology
Enzymes and other biochemical properties of bacteria are fairly reliable and stable expressions of the “chemical identity” of each species. Diagnostic tests determine the presence of specific enzymes and assess nutritional and metabolic activities.
Physiological/Biochemical Characteristics
○ Analyzing the types of specific structural substances that the bacterium contains. such as the chemical composition of peptides in the cell wall and lipids in membranes.
Chemical Analysis
Bacteria display molecules called antigens that are recognized by the immune system. One immune response to antigens is to produce antibodies that are designed to bind tightly to the antigens
Serological Analysis
○ Analysis examining the genetic material itself has revolutionized the identification and classification Of bacteria.
Genetic and Molecular
One of the most valuable indicators of evolutionary relatedness is the sequence of nitrogen bases in ribosomal RNA, a major component ribosomes.
Nucleic acid sequencing and rRNA analysis
largest phylum of bacteria
Proteobacteria
Free-living and not involved in disease
Nonpathogenic bacterial groups
independent cells that contain special light-trapping pigments and can use the sunlight energy to synthesize all required nutrients from simple inorganic compounds.
Photosynthetic bacteria
also called blue-green bacteria; oldest types of bacteria on earth; very widely distributed in nature.
Cyanobacteria
extensive internal membranes of cyanobacteria, which contain granules of chlorophyll a and other photosynthetic pigments.
Thylakoids
They differ from cyanobacteria in having a different type of chlorophyll called bacteriochlorophyll and by not giving off oxygen as a product of photosynthesis
Green and purple sulfur bacteria
A mixed collection of gram negative bacteria that live in water and soil.
Gliding, fruiting bacteria
lime bacteria; most intriguing and exceptional members of the group.
Myxobacteria
are within the gram-negative group but are small obligate intracellular parasites that replicate within cells of the hosts they invade.
Rickettsias and chlamydias
named for Howard Ricketts, a physician who first worked with these organisms and later lost his life to typhus.
Rickettsias
caused by Rickettsia rickettsii (transmitted by ticks)
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
caused by Rickettsia typhi (transmitted by fleas
Murine typhus
caused by Rickettsia prowazekii (transmitted by lice)
Endemic typhus
caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi (transmitted by chiggers)
Scrub typhus
Single-celled, simple organisms which are prokaryotic in general structure and share many bacterial characteristics
Archea
which convert C02 and 1-12 into methane gas (CHA
methanogens
grow at very high temperatures
Hyperthermophiles
grow at very low temperatures
Psychrophilic
require salt to grow and may have such a high salt tolerance that they can multiply in sodium chloride solutions
Halophiles
Nearly any object can serve as source of microbes. Common ones are body fluids and tissues, foods, water and soil. Specimens are removed by some form of sampling device
Specimen collection
producing a culture by introducing a tiny sample (inoculum) into a container of nutrient medium
Inoculation
An incubator creates the proper growth temperature and other conditions. This promotes multiplication of the microbes over a period of hours, days, and even weeks. Incubation produces a culture—the visible growth of the microbe in or on the medium
Incubation
separating one species from another
Isolation
The colonies or broth cultures are observed macroscopically for growth characteristics (color, texture, size) that could be useful in analyzing the specimen contents.
Inspection
A major purpose of the Five “I’s is to determine the type of microbe, usually to the level of species.
Identification
water-based solutions that do not solidify at temperatures above freezing and that tend to flow freely when the container is tilted.
Liquid media
exhibit a dotlike consistency at ordinary room temperature; contain an amount of solidifying agent (agar or gelatin) that thickens them but does not produce firm substrate.
Semisolid media
rovide a firm surface on which cells can form discrete colonies
Solid media
With chemically defined compositions
Synthetic media
One component of the media is not chemically definable
No synthetic or complex media
designed to grow a broad spectrum of microbes that do not have special growth requirements.
General-purpose media
contains complex organic substances such as blood, serum, hemoglobin or special growth factors
Enriched media
Contains one or more agents that inhibit the growth the unwanted background microorganisms and allowing growth of the desired ones
Selective Media
Grow several types of microorganisms but are designed to bring out visible differences among those microorganisms
Differential Media
the ability to make objects appear large
Magnification
he ability to show detai
Resolution or resolving power
Wet mounts and hanging drop mounts permit examination Of the characteristics of live cells, such as motility, shape and arrangement.
Fresh, living preparations
Fixed mounts are made by drying and heating a film of the specimen called a smear
Fixed, stained smears
Media can be classified according to 3 properties
Physical State, Chemical Composition and Functional type
Means through the body become infected by disease producing agents. The channels may be respiratory tract, the digestive tract and exterior surfaces of the body Means through the body become infected by disease producing agents. The channels may be respiratory tract, the digestive tract and exterior surfaces of the body
Channel of infection
- The manner of entry are similar with the mode of exit from the reservoir
Portals of entry
The most important portals of entry are:
Skin, Mucus membranes, and Placenta
the immediate transfer of an agent from a reservoirs to a susceptible hose by direct physical contact
Direct transmission
the transmission of an agent carried from a reservoir to a susceptible host by fomites
Indirect Transmission
inanimate objects that have come in contact with a sick person
Fomites
involves the transfer of pathogens via infectious droplets. Droplets may be generated by coughing, sneezing and even talking
Droplet Transmission
§ Involves contaminated objects such as food, water, dust and bodily fluid handled outside the body
Vehicular transmission
involves the dispersed of droplet nuclei, which are residue or evaporated droplets
Airborne transmission
Includes air, soil, dust, food milk, water, and fomites
Nonliving Reservoir
Vector of Relapsing Fever (borreliosis)
Ticks
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
Ticks
§ Lyme disease
Ticks
tularemia
Ticks
Sand-fly fever (phelebotomus fever)
Sandflies
Leishmaniasis
Sandflies
West Nile fever
Culex (Mosquitoes)
Lymphatic filariasis
Culex (Mosquitoes)
Japanese encephalitis
Culex (Mosquitoes)
Malaria
Anopheles (Mosquitoes)
Chikungunya
Aedes (Mosquitoes)
Yellow fever
Aedes (Mosquitoes)
Rift Valley fever
Aedes (Mosquitoes)
Dengue fever
Aedes (Mosquitoes)
Infectious diseases that human acquire from animal sources
Zoonotic Diseases
Invertebrate (w/o back bones) animals with joined legs and commonly associated with human infections
Arthropods
§ Completely recovered from the disease but continue to harbor the pathogen indefinitely
Active Carrier
The harbor and can transmit a particular pathogen while recovering from an infectious disease
Convalescent Carriers
A person who is capable of transmitting a pathogen during the incubatory period of a particular infectious disease
Incubatory Carrier
Carry the pathogen w/o ever having the disease
Passive Carrier
A person or animal w/o apparent disease who harbors a specific infectious agent and is capable of transmitting the agent to others
Carrier
an epidemic among animals
Epizootic
An infection or infectious disease of animals transmissible under natural conditions to man
Zoonotic Diseases (Zoonoses)
Lyme disease
deer
Bubonic plagues
rodents
Yellow fever
monkeys
Rabies
dogs, bats, skunks and foxes
when bacteria are present in a person’s nose, mouth, gut or other site, but do not cause illness
Colonization
○ The habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows and multiplies or merely survive until it is transferred to a host
Reservoir of infection
The time during which the patient recovers
Convalescent period
The time during which the patient experiences the typical symptoms associated with that particular disease
Period of illness
The time during which the patient feels “out of sorts” but is not yet experiencing actual symptoms of the disease
Prodromal period
The time that elapses between arrival of the pathogen and onset of symptoms
Incubation period
Phase when the agent becomes established in the host
Pathogenesis Phase
A person or other living organism that can be infected by an infectious agent under natural conditions
Host
The ecological conditions that favor the interaction of host and agent
Environment
Microorganism capable of producing infectious disease under circumstances of hose and environment favoring transmission
Infectious agent
Phase before a disease infects an individual through interaction of the agent, the host, and the environment factors
Pre-pathogenesis Phase
Communicable diseases that are easily transmitted from one to another
Contagious Diseases
Infectious diseases that can be transmitted from one to another
Communicable Diseases
Diseases caused by pathogens
Infectious Diseases
The study of the distribution or condition in a population
Epidemiology
The study of the essential nature of diseases and especially of the structural and functional changes produced by them
Pathology
May be considered the antithesis of health
Disease
Deals with the control of the environment, with those modifications and protective and preventive measures that have been found desirable or necessary for providing optimum conditions for health and well-being
Public Health Engineering
The science dealing with the prevention and control of diseases by eliminating or controlling the environmental factors which may form links in disease transmission
Environmental Sanitation
Branch of public health that is concerned with all aspects of the natural and built environment that may affect human health
Environmental Health
All organized measures to prevent disease, promote health, and prolong of life among the population as a whole
Public health
WHO was established
April 7 1948
State of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Health
Tox-
Poison
Terato-
Defects
Septi-
Presence of pathogen
-patho, patho-
Abnormal
-osis
Condition of
-oma
Tumor
-itis
Inflammation
Idio-
Unknown
Hepat-
Liver
-genesis
Development
-gen, gen-
Give rise to
Endo-
Inside
-emia
Pertaining to blood
Dermato-
Skin
Col-, Colo
Colon
Carcino-
Cancer
