Public health Flashcards by Irene Italou

Which phase of the public health cycle is based on epidemiological analyzes?
A) situation analysis
B) determining the intervention options
C) planning interventions
D) preparing a strategic plan
E) implementation of health promotion programs

A) situation analysis

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Whose activity can be related to the establishment of occupational health as a subdiscipline of public health?
A) Max Pettenkofer
B) Bernardino Ramazzini
C) Fodor József
D) Robert Koch
E) Rachel Carlson

B) Bernardino Ramazzini

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When was the eradication of smallpox declared by the WHO?
A) 1967
B) 1979
C) 1993
D) 2003
E) only Europe is smallpox-free

B) 1979

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The weight of healthcare in determining the health status in developed countries is approximately:
A) 5-10%
B) 10-15%
C) 15-20%
D) 20-25%
E) 25-50%

B) 10-15%

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Which screening type implies newborn screening?
A) mandatory screening
B) targeted screening
C) mass screening
D) screening of groups with increased risks
E) diagnostic screening

C) mass screening

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To evaluate the effectiveness of public health programs, the following is essential:
A) the knowledge of mortality
B) the knowledge of morbidity
C) the screening of the population
D) establishing and operating health monitoring systems
E) the exact knowledge of the impact of the interventions

D) establishing and operating health monitoring systems

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Which organization developed the Public Health Code of Ethics describing the valid ethical principles of public health activity?
A) World Health Organization (WHO)
B) American Public Health Association
C) United Nations Organization
D) European Public Health Association
E) An ad hoc committee established by the WHO for this purpose

B) American Public Health Association

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Which indicator is not part of the vital statistics based on civil registries?
A) fertility
B) migration
C) mortality
D) natality
E) reproduction

B) migration

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Which statement is true related to relative risk?
A) it compares the frequency of exposure among patients to the frequency of exposure among healthy subjects
B) it belongs to the category of difference indicators
C) it is a measure of the incidence observed among the exposed subjects to the incidence of unexposed population
D) all of the statements are true
E) none of the statements is true

C) it is a measure of the incidence observed among the exposed subjects to the incidence of unexposed population

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Which attributable risk indicator depends on the prevalence of exposure among the population?
A) incidence of exposed
B) attributable risk
C) attributable risk fraction
D) population attributable fraction
E) all of the above

D) population attributable fraction

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Which statement related to odds-ratio is false?
A) it is the probability ratio of exposure among cases and controls
B) if the odds-ratio is exactly 1 then there is no relationship between the risk factors and the disease
C) it can be calculated from contingency tables
D) it can be calculated from case-control studies

A) it is the probability ratio of exposure among cases and controls

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Which of the following is considered as late neonatal death?
A) death on the 5th day of life
B) death in the 5th week of life
C) death in the 5th month of life
D) all of them
E) none of them

E) none of them

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Which formula can be used to calculate the excess mortality rate? (expected number of deaths: E, observed number of deaths: O)
A) (O - E) / O × 100
B) (O - E) / E × 100
C) (E - O) / O × 100
D) (E - O) / E × 100
E) none of them are true

B) (O - E) / E × 100

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Which formula is used to calculate relative excess mortality rate (REMR)? (expected number of deaths: E; observed number of deaths: O)
A) (O - E)/ O × 100
B) (O - E) / E × 100
C) (E - O) / O × 100
D) (E - O) / E × 100
E) none of them

A) (O - E)/ O × 100

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Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) can be calculated by indirect standardization using the following formula:
A) SMR = (observed number of deaths - expected number of deaths) × 100
B) SMR = (observed number of deaths - expected number of deaths) /observed number of deaths× 100
C) SMR = (observed number of deaths - expected number of deaths) / expected number of deaths × 100
D) SMR = observed number of deaths - expected number of deaths
E) none of them

E) none of them

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The true statement on mortality of Hungarian men’s aged 45-64 between 1991 and 1995 was:
A) higher than in 1981-1985
B) higher than in 2001-2005
C) higher than in 1920-1921
D) all of them
E) none of them

D) all of them

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The ICD-10 classification…
A) has been valid since the 18th century.
B) uses an alphanumeric code system.
C) varies country by country.
D) the individual classes show overlaps.
E) quantifies mortality data.

B) uses an alphanumeric code system.

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Mortality burden of malignant tumors in Hungary:
A) is the most important related to premature adult mortality
B) takes the second place after cardiovascular diseases among premature adult deaths
C) is the most important related to old age mortality
D) has grown in the last decade
E) is not remarkabla in premature mortality among women

A) is the most important related to premature adult mortality

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The prevalence of hypertension among men aged 65-74 in Hungary is approximately:
A) 13-20%
B) 26-40%
C) 40-58%
D) 48-72%
E) 79-90%

D) 48-72%

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The amount of the physiological daily sodium chloride requirement is approximately:
A) 1-2 g
B) 3-4 g
C) 5-6 g
D) 7-8 g
E) 9-10 g

A) 1-2 g

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Which is the most vulnerable population group related to osteoporosis?
A) children and adolescents
B) elderly women and men
C) workers exposed to permanent vibration exposure
D) women at postmenopausal period
E) athletes with increased physical activity

D) women at postmenopausal period

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Which individuals (related to their gender and family status) exhibit more complicated manifestation of reactive depression?
A) married men
B) divorced men
C) married women
D) divorced women
E) promiscuous individuals regardless of their gender

C) married women

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The most common causes of premature deaths related to fatal accidents are:
A) vehicle traffic accidents
B) falls
C) poisoning
D) burns
E) injuries related to firearms

A) vehicle traffic accidents

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Which of the two regions have the most increased risk of suicide-related deaths in Hungary?
A) Northern Great Plain and Southern Great Plain
B) Northern Great Plain and Northern Hungary
C) Southern Great Plain and Northern Hungary
D) Central Hungary and Northern Hungary
E) Central Hungary and Northern Great Plain

A) Northern Great Plain and Southern Great Plain

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The most influencing social factor related to suicide behavior is the following:
A) inability to loan repayment
B) residential segregation
C) existential uncertainty caused by economic crisis
D) entrepreneurial lifestyle
E) unemployment

E) unemployment

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What does “phenotype prevention” mean?
A) Interrupting pregnancy (in the case of parental consent) to prevent giving birth to genetically impaired fetuses
B) Preventing the onset of a disease in individuals with increased risk genotype mainly by abolishing harmful environmental exposures
C) genetic counseling for couples with increased genotype risk who want to have children
D) gene therapy interventions among individuals to correct defective genes among individuals with increased genotype risk
E) estimation of population frequency of susceptible alleles related to diseases

B) Preventing the onset of a disease in individuals with increased risk genotype mainly by abolishing harmful environmental exposures

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Breast cancer’s incidence is mainly based on various mutations in the BRCA1 gene:
A) among Ashkenazi Jewish communities
B) among Hungarian female population
C) among Australian native population
D) in the background of breast cancer in elderly population
E) in the background of post-operative recidivation

A) among Ashkenazi Jewish communities

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Relative risk of lung cancer among smokers compared to non-smokers is approximately:
A) two times increased risk
B) five times increased risk
C) ten times increased risk
D) hundred times increased risk
E) 90% higher

C) ten times increased risk

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The main aim of the North Karelia Project was:
A) to reduce cancer-related premature mortality
B) to reduce cardiovascular premature mortality
C) to reduce the mortality of mental illnesses
D) to improve the care of hypertensive patients
E) the early detection of cardiovascular diseases

B) to reduce cardiovascular premature mortality

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What does “hidden diabetes” mean?
A) no clinical symptoms are present due to treatment
B) not the primary disease but the complications of the primary disease cause the symptoms
C) the symptoms of the disease are masked by the characteristic symptoms of an other disease
D) only the hypertension accompanying diabetes is treated while the diabetes itself remains untreated
E) the existence of diabetes is unknown by both the patient and the doctor, so diabetes can be detected by a screening test only

E) the existence of diabetes is unknown by both the patient and the doctor, so diabetes can be detected by a screening test only

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Which is not a component of metabolic syndrome?
A) hypertension
B) increased fasting blood glucose level
C) elevated triglyceride level
D) elevated HDL-C value
E) visceral obesity

D) elevated HDL-C value

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The relative risk of premature mortality related to respiratory diseases) in Hungary compared to EU15 average
A) is more than two times higher
B) is more than three times higher
C) is more than four times higher
D) does not differ significantly ()
E) is 20% lower

A) is more than two times higher

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Suicide mortality was characterized by the following over the past three decades in Hungary:
A) it has drastically increased
B) a temporary declining trend was followed by stagnation since the Millennium
C) more women are affected than men
D) mortality rates decreased significantly for both gender
E) the highest suicide mortality for both gender was observed in the Northern Hungary Region

D) mortality rates decreased significantly for both gender

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Utilization of the findings of genomic research in public health:
A) is free of charge and widely available
B) is limited
C) genetic screening can only be used after payment
D) a complete lack of legislation is missing to ensure their implementation
E) screening tests which could prove genetic predisposition to cancer are unreliable

B) is limited

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Which one of the following is not a geohelmint?
A) Strongyloides stercoralis
B) Trichuris trichiura
C) Ascaris lumbricoides
D) Taenia solium

D) Taenia solium

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What vaccine should be given to newborns of HbsAg-positive mothers?
A) passive immunization against hepatitis B
B) active immunization against hepatitis B
C) both
D) none of them

C) both

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There is no active vaccination commercially available in Hungary against the following disease:
A) hepatitis B
B) influenza
C) typhus abdominalis
D) salmonellosis
E) yellow fewer

D) salmonellosis

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Which one of the following in not included in age-related mandatory vaccination in Hungary?
A) vaccination against mumps
B) vaccination against rubella
C) vaccination against smallpox
D) vaccination against tetanus

C) vaccination against smallpox

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How long must the food samples be stored in kitchens providing public catering services?
A) 6 hours
B) 12 hours
C) 24 hours
D) 48 hours
E) 72 hours

E) 72 hours

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In which sterilization method are carcinogenic compounds used?
A) dry heat sterilization
B) autoclaving
C) chemical sterilization
D) plasma sterilization

C) chemical sterilization

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Which of the following procedures is not used for sterilization?
A) UV light
B) γ-radiation
C) ethylene oxide
D) autoclaving

A) UV light

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Infectious and suspected of being infectious patients detected in primary care should be reported to?
A) the local institution of inpatient care
B) the subregional public health institute competent at the regional location of the infection
C) the subregional public health institute competenet at the infected patients’residence
D) the National Public Health and Medical Office Service, National Center for Epidemiology

B) the subregional public health institute competent at the regional location of the infection

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Which of the following infections should be reported urgently?
A) dysenteria
B) typhus abdominalis
C) campylobacteriosis
D) amoebiasis

B) typhus abdominalis

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For which infection must be the patient quarantined at an inpatient hospital unit?
A) typhus abdominalis
B) cholera
C) both of them
D) none of them

C) both of them

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In which diseases should the persons in close contact with the infected patient undergo a 7-day epidemiological surveillance?
A) dysenteria
B) campylobacteriosis
C) typhus abdominalis
D) Hepatitis A

A) dysenteria

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Which statement related to poliomyelitis is not true?
A) Reportable disease
B) must be reported by telephone, by fax
C) laboratory test is not obligatory
D) Feces sample, irrigation fluid, liquor and blood samples must be sent to the Virology Department of National Public Health and Medical Officer Service

C) laboratory test is not obligatory

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Which statement related to salmonellosis is not true?
A) It is a reportable disease
B) It must be reported on via a “food contamination, food poisoing notification” sheet
C) The regional public health institute should be notified by telephone
D) Laboratory tests are mandatory
E) For the correct diagnosis blood sample should be sent to the regional laboratory before treatment

E) For the correct diagnosis blood sample should be sent to the regional laboratory before treatment

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What is an inapparent infection?
A) disease without clinical symptoms
B) an infection with mild symptoms that can only be detected during an epidemic
C) all infections that are cured without any harm/lesions
D) any infection that does not generate laboratory changes/alterations

A) disease without clinical symptoms

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What is the most likely disease in the case of “food poisoning” when the symptoms appear in a 6-48 hours period after the consumption of homemade ham and mayonnaise French salad, and the symptoms are: abdominal pain, diarrhoea, vomiting, fever?
A) Staphylococcal food poisoning
B) Salmonellosis
C) Botulism
D) Yersiniosis
E) Trichinellosis

B) Salmonellosis

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In which disease is not the swine the infectious source? (Which disease is not spread by the swine?)
A) Brucellosis
B) Tularemia
C) Listeriosis
D) Taeniasis
E) Trichinellosis

B) Tularemia

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If a person has received a complete immunization within 5 years against lyssa, what is the applicable active immunization protocol in the case of a suspected new infection?
A) vaccination on days 0, 7 and 21 (2-1-1 doses)
B) vaccination on days 0, 7 and 21 (1-1-1 doses)
C) vaccinaton on days 0, 3 and 7 (2-1-1 doses)
D) vaccination on days 0, 3 and 7 (1-1-1 doses)
E) vaccination on days 0 and 3 (1-1 dose)

E) vaccination on days 0 and 3 (1-1 dose)

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In which case is the hospital placement of the patient mandatory?
A) Anthrax
B) Leptospirosis
C) Listeriosis
D) Tularemia
E) Q fever

A) Anthrax

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Which animal (s) is/are the infectious source (s) of Choriomeningitis lymphocytica?
A) ruminants
B) swine
C) dog
D) rodents

D) rodents

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Which disease incidence has increased in our country (in Hungary) in the age group over 40 years?
A) Scarlet
B) diphtheria
C) pertussis
D) Haemophilus influenzae meningitis
E) tuberculosis

E) tuberculosis

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Which disease does not require that people who are in direct contact with the infected patient be treated with chemoprophylaxis?
A) pertussis
B) scarlatina
C) diphteria
D) meningitis epidemica
E) H. influenzae meningitis

B) scarlatina

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How many days before the onset of the symptoms can infectivity persist in people infected with Lyssa?
A) 1-2 days
B) 3-4 days
C) 5-6 days
D) 7-10 days
E) 12-15 days

D) 7-10 days

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Which disease could cause teratogenic changes in the fetus during pregnancy?
A) Ornithosis
B) Tularemia
C) Leptospirosis
D) Q fever
E) Toxoplasmosis

E) Toxoplasmosis

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The mean age of patients with vCJB is
A) 29-30 years
B) 35-40 years
C) 50-60 years
D) over 60 years

A) 29-30 years

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Reducing ozone concentration by 1% in the stratosphere will increase the incidence of skin cancer by:
A) 1%
B) 2%
C) 3%
D) 4%
E) 5%

B) 2%

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At which heavy metal exposure are people with hyperthyroidism not allowed to be employed/to work?
A) arsenic
B) mercury
C) lead
D) cadmium
E) chrome

B) mercury

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Which of the following pesticides are persistent in surface waters?
A) organic phosphate esters
B) pyrethroids
C) carbamate
D) chlorinated hydrocarbon
E) dithiocarbamates

D) chlorinated hydrocarbon

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Which is a non-muscarine symptom?
A) Bradycardia
B) bronchospasm
C) increased sweating
D) spasm of the respiratory muscles
E) needle pupil

D) spasm of the respiratory muscles

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Which of the following compounds has a human teratogenic effect?
A) toluene
B) cobalt
C) acrylamide
D) formaldehyde
E) methanol

A) toluene

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Which acute high-dose pesticide poisoning - with other severe symptoms - causes fever above 40° C?
A) carbamate
B) dithiocarbamate
C) phenoxycarboxylic acid derivative
D) Pyrethroid
E) dinitro-o-cresol

E) dinitro-o-cresol

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Drinking water containing low level of magnesium will increase the incidence which of the following disease?
A) heart attack
B) cerebral stroke (dash)
C) stomach cancer
D) type 2 diabetes
E) colon cancer

A) heart attack

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What does “dose toxica minima” mean?
A) The smallest amount of substance that is still responsible for eliciting the specific effects characteristic of the substance
B) The highest amount of substance to which the organism will not respond with lesions/abnormal alterations
C) Minimum amount of substance to which the body responds with non-typical changes that are not characteristic of the given substance
D) The smallest amount of substance that may have toxic effects
E) The smallest amount of substance to which the body responds with an effect typical of the substance

D) The smallest amount of substance that may have toxic effects

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In which organic solvent exposure are dermatological patients not allowed to work?
A) benzene
B) toluene
C) xylene
D) carbon tetrachloride
E) gasoline

C) xylene

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In the case of acute poisoning which of the substances below can cause - after a few weeks latency - a reversible paralysis of the lower limbs?
A) formaldehyde
B) tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate
C) acrylonitrile
D) acrylamide
E) vinyl chloride

B) tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate

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The nitrate concentration limit of drinking water for infants to drink or their food to be prepared with is:
A) 10 mg / l
B) 20 mg / l
C) 30 mg / l
D) 40 mg / l
E) 50 mg / l

D) 40 mg / l

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Which of the following compounds is not excreted into the breast milk?
A) alcohol
B) nicotine
C) dioxin
D) PCB
E) phenol

E) phenol

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The survival time of the geohelminths’ eggs in the soil is:
A) 1-2 months
B) 6-8 months
C) 12-15 months
D) 18-24 months
E) 2-3 years

E) 2-3 years

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Which is the organic solvent of which occupational exposure can be measured by the concentration of urine muconic acid?
A) benzene
B) toluene
C) xylene
D) ethylene glycol
E) Propyl alcohol

A) benzene

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Limit of nitrite concentration
A) 0.5 mg / l
B) 1 mg / l
C) 2 mg / l
D) 3 mg / l
E) 4 mg / l

A) 0.5 mg / l

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The chronic effect of which of the listed metals causes acrocyanosis?
A) lead
B) mercury
C) cadmium
D) arsenic
E) chromium

D) arsenic

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Which factor does not participate in the biological activity of the soil (geocycle)?
A) the filtering effect of soil particles
B) soil temperature
C) absorption
D) biological membrane
E) UV radiation

E) UV radiation

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Which compounds dissolve in the body during the toxic detoxification process?
A) toluene
B) freon
C) carbon tetrachloride
D) methanol

D) methanol

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What is the minimum dose responsible for causing irreversible blindness in acute methanol intoxication?
A) 1-3 g
B) 8-10 g
C) 20-22 g
D) 25-30 g
E) 40-50g

B) 8-10 g

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Which compound is not involved in the effects caused by the Los Angeles-type smog?
A) aldehydes
B) ozone
C) sulfur dioxide
D) hydrogen peroxide
E) peroxyacetyl nitrate

C) sulfur dioxide

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The permissible cumulative annual equivalent dose of workers exposed to ionizing radiation is:
A) 5-10 mSv / year
B) 20 mSv / year
C) 50 mSv / year
D) 100 mSv / year
E) 500 mSv / year

B) 20 mSv / year

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Which monomer causes a sclerodermic change affecting the fingers of chemical plant workers?
A) vinyl chloride
B) acrylamide
C) acrylonitrile
D) vinylbenzene
E) phenylethylene

A) vinyl chloride

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High dose chronic or “long-term” exposure of which monomer is responsible for the liver hemangiosarcoma in chemical factory workers ?
A) acrylamide
B) vinylbenzene
C) vinyl chloride
D) phenylethylene
E) acrylonitrile

C) vinyl chloride

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It is forbidden to give one of the followings in the case of carbamate intoxication:
A) atropine
B) diazepam
C) toxogonin
D) other parasympathetic compounds
E) too much liquid

C) toxogonin

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When is it recommended to remove the worker spraying with organich phosphoric acid ester from her/his job?
A) When the worker’s red blood cell AChE activity has decreased by 10% compared to the exposure-free self-activity.
B) When the worker’s plasma AChE activity decreased by 50% compared to its own basic activity.
C) When the worker’s red blood cell AChE activity has decreased by more than 50% compared to own baseline activity.
D) If the worker’s red blood cell AChE activity decreased by 20-50% from own basic activity.
E) Urgent action should be taken even in the case of the smallest decrease of the red blood cell AChE activity

C) When the worker’s red blood cell AChE activity has decreased by more than 50% compared to own baseline activity.

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What kind of radiation cause the cataracts of smeltery workers?
A) microwave radiation
B) visible light with high brightness
C) infrared radiation
D) stroboscopic effects

C) infrared radiation

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Industry or activity with a high risk of causing cancer is
A) rag-picking
B) pepper (paprika) splitting
C) iron and steel production
D) electrical installation

C) iron and steel production

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Chromium and its compounds can cause:
A) mesothelioma
B) lung cancers
C) myeloma
D) lymphoma

B) lung cancers

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What is the effective temperature?
A) various combinations of air temperature and humidity which elicit the same heat sensation
B) various combinations of air temperature, humidity, and air movement which elicit the same heat sensation
C) combinations of air temperature and radiation that elicit the same heat sensation
D) combinations of air temperature and air flow that elicit the same heat sensation
E) none of them

B) various combinations of air temperature, humidity, and air movement which elicit the same heat sensation

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Which is the lowest frequency where a noise-induced permanent increase in the hearing threshold can be detected?
A) 1000 Hz
B) 2000 Hz
C) 4000 Hz
D) 8000 Hz

C) 4000 Hz

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Which heavy metals chronic exposure causes allergies and contact eczema?
A) manganese
B) silver
C) nickel
D) iron

C) nickel

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The decibel means
A) the strength of the noise/sound.
B) the sound frequency.
C) the sound pressure.
D) the level of the sound pressure.

D) the level of the sound pressure.

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The pain threshold related to sound pressure level is:
A) 70 dB
B) 80 dB
C) 100 dB
D) 130 dB

D) 130 dB

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Which substance is not asbestos?
A) crocidolite
B) Amosite
C) antofilit
D) tremolos
E) stalactite

E) stalactite

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Which industrial activity has no risk of causing cancer?
A) aluminum production
B) furniture production
C) shoe making
D) coke production
E) working with silicate

E) working with silicate

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Which compound is not a proven carcinogen in humans?
A) aflatoxins
B) arsenic
C) benzene
D) cyclophosphamide
E) cyclosporine

E) cyclosporine

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The mechanism of action of carbamate pesticides
A) the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase
B) Inhibition of glutathione peroxidase
C) inhibition of C-SH group enzymes
D) inhibition of ATPase

A) the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase

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DDT is:
A) phenolic fungicide
B) carbamate insecticide
C) chlorinated hydrocarbon
D) organic phosphate ester compound

C) chlorinated hydrocarbon

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The first symptom of chronic mercury poisoning is:
A) paralysis of radial nerve
B) paralysis of ulnar nerve
C) small wave tremor
D) visual impairment

C) small wave tremor

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Polychlorinated biphenyls induce (activate?):
A) microsomal enzymes of the liver
B) glutathione peroxidase
C) superoxide dismutase
D) catalase

A) microsomal enzymes of the liver

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Early hearing loss caused by noise is indicated on the audiogram
A) a monaural recess (30 dB) seen at 8000 Hz
B) binaural negative spike at 4000 Hz (30 dB)
C) bilateral recess formation at any frequency
D) unilateral recess formation at any frequency
E) recess formation only at the 600 Hz (30 dB)

B) binaural negative spike at 4000 Hz (30 dB)

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Is the child (infant?) mortality differerent among the highest and lowest socioeconomic groups, respectively?
A) Yes, its the highest among infants with the highest status
B) yes, its the highest among infants with the lowest status
C) No
D) No general conclusion could be drawn, it varies from country to country.

B) yes, its the highest among infants with the lowest status

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What changes could be seen related to the average life expectancy of men over the age of 65 in the different social strata/categories between 1972 and 2001 in England?
A) Increased in all social categories, but the increase was the highest among those in the highest category.
B) Increased in all social categories at similar rates
C) Increased in all social categories, but the change was higher in the lowest category compared to change affecting those in the highest social category
D) Increased in the highest category and decreased in the lowest category

A) Increased in all social categories, but the increase was the highest among those in the highest category.

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How can fetal alcohol syndrome be prevented?
A) if the mother ignores alcohol consumption during the first trimester of pregnancy
B) if the mother ignores alcohol consumption during the first two trimesters of pregnancy
C) if the mother ignores alcohol consumption throughout the pregnancy
D) it can not be prevented as is due to genetic predisposition

C) if the mother ignores alcohol consumption throughout the pregnancy

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Who disposesthe alpha fetoprotein (AFP) test of a pregnant woman, when and for what purpose?
A) The pysician will dispose the test on the 12th week for the screening of the closure dosorders of the neural tube
B) The pysician will dispose the test on the 16th week for the screening of the closure dosorders of the neural tube
C) The health visitor will dispose the test on the 16th week for the screening of the closure dosorders of the neural tube.
D) The health visitor will dispose the test on the 18th week for the screening of the closure dosorders of the neural tube.

B) The pysician will dispose the test on the 16th week for the screening of the closure dosorders of the neural tube

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What is the most common cause of deaths among 10-18 year olds?
A) accidents
B) suicides
C) upper respiratory tract infections
D) gastrointestinal infections

A) accidents

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At what age do teenagers start smoking at the highest rate?
A) at the age of 10-11
B) at the age of 11-12
C) at the age of 13-15
D) at the age of 15- 18

C) at the age of 13-15

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Which illegal drug is consumed the most among adolescents in Hungary?
A) heroin
B) cocaine
C) extasy
D) marijuana

D) marijuana

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Basic pediatric care is accomplished by
A) home paediatricians, school doctors
B) home paediatricians, school doctors, school dentists
C) home pediatricians, health visitors, school doctors, school dentists,
D) family doctors, home pediatricians, health visitors, school doctors, school dentists

D) family doctors, home pediatricians, health visitors, school doctors, school dentists

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Which disease is the leading cause of death among 65-74-year olds in Hungary?
A) circulatory diseases
B) malignant tumors
C) accidents
D) respiratory tract infections

A) circulatory diseases

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Where is the number of suicide-related deaths the highest among individuals over 65?
A) In the capital (Budapest)
B) in the Northern and Southern Great Plains
C) in Northern Hungary
D) in Western Transdanubia

B) in the Northern and Southern Great Plains

What is the most common cardiovascular disease among 65+ in Hungary?
A) unstable angina
B) high blood pressure
C) stroke
D) heart attack

B) high blood pressure

What is the definition of preterm birth?
A) birth before the termination of the 40th week during pregnancy
B) birth weight below 2500 g
C) birth weight below 3000 g
D) birth before the termination of the 37th week during pregnancy

D) birth before the termination of the 37th week during pregnancy

Which age and gender has the highest suicidal risk in Hungary?
A) men under 65 years
B) men over 65 years
C) women under 65 years
D) women over 65 years

B) men over 65 years

Which vitamins are extremely important for the elderly?
A) Vitamin B12
B) Vitamin B12, folic acid
C) Vitamin B12, Vitamin D
D) Vitamin B12, vitamin D, folic acid

D) Vitamin B12, vitamin D, folic acid

What type of exercise would you primarily recommend to an elderly patient with arthritis?
A) cycling
B) running
C) gardening
D) walking

D) walking

The most important risk factor of learned helplessness:
A) prematurity
B) positive family atmosphere
C) child abuse
D) chronic disease

C) child abuse

Which tobacco ingredient is responsible for the development of smoking-related vascular diseases?
A) nicotine
B) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
C) carbon monoxide
D) ammonia

A) nicotine

The importance of community interventions in health promotion is that
A) individual behavior is strongly influenced by family and friends
B) individual behaviour is determined by family and friends
C) designing community level interventions is easier than designing individual level interventions
D) collaboration with communities is less expensive than interventions targeting individuals

A) individual behavior is strongly influenced by family and friends

In the context of health education
A) We use purposeful learning opportunities to transfer knowledge on health-related information
B) we can create an internet portal
C) we can use personalized advice
D) we can organize an advertising campaign
E) all of them could be applied

E) all of them could be applied

Select the normal BMI range.
A) under 25
B) from 20 to 24.9
C) from 18.5 to 24.9
D) over 25

C) from 18.5 to 24.9

Which vitamin plays an essential role in iron absorption?
A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin B12
C) Vitamin C
D) Vitamin D.

C) Vitamin C

The best way to prevent the development of folic acid deficiency diseases:
A) folic acid supplement
B) mandatory enrichment of bread flour with folic acid
C) voluntary fortification of folic acid for certain cereal products
D) varied diet

B) mandatory enrichment of bread flour with folic acid

The prevalence of iodine deficiency is the lowest
A) in America
B) in Europe
C) in Africa
D) in Southeast Asia

A) in America

Too much iodine intake:
A) causes hypothyroidism
B) can induce hyperthyroidism
C) causes cretenism
D) causes obesity

B) can induce hyperthyroidism

The risk of stomach cancer is increased by:
A) excessive alcohol consumption
B) insufficient intake of dietary fibers
C) consumption of very hot drinks
D) frequent consumption of salt-preserved foods

D) frequent consumption of salt-preserved foods

The recommended maximum fat intake as a percentage of total energy intake according to WHO is approximately
A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 15%
D) 30%

D) 30%

Aflatoxins produced by the Aspergillus mold genotypes that contaminate food:
A) have estrogenic effects
B) have an antimicrobial effect
C) cause vomiting and diarrhea
D) can cause liver cancer

D) can cause liver cancer

Food allergy:
A) symptoms are localized to the gastrointestinal tract
B) every fourth person is allergic to a food ingredient
C) usually means lactose sensitivity
D) an immune system-mediated pathological response to one (or sometimes multiple) component of food

D) an immune system-mediated pathological response to one (or sometimes multiple) component of food

Which is the most common food poisoning in Hungary nowadays?
A) Staphylococcus aureus intoxication
B) Salmonellosis
C) Bacillus cereus intoxication
D) Campylobacteriosis

D) Campylobacteriosis

Hospitalization of the patient is essential if the cause of food poisoning is:
A) Staphylococcus
B) Salmonella
C) Campylobacter
D) Toxic mushroom

D) Toxic mushroom

Which of the following definitions describes clinical effectiveness?
A) To achieve the greatest possible health gain compared to the available resources
B) Effective use of care resources at the given level
C) A higher level of health care than the care provided by family doctors and outpatient institutions
D) Minimizing the risk of side effects and complications

A) To achieve the greatest possible health gain compared to the available resources

Which primary prevention strategy involves the early risk/ risk factor detection/identification?
A) risk group strategy
B) Populational strategy
C) Both
D) None

A) risk group strategy

What phenomenon urged the /rethinking of the healthcare system of the developed countries in the second half of the 20th century?
A) The rapid growth of death rates related to chronic non-communicable diseases
B) Reduction in the payments related to health insurance due to increasing unemployment rate
C) the gap between GDP’s slow and the health care costs rapid growth
D) Significant development in the field of health informatics

C) the gap between GDP’s slow and the health care costs rapid growth

What is the most important factor of healthcare in the market-oriented countries?
A) accessibility
B) equality
C) quality
D) the above factors are not being investigated in market-oriented systems

C) quality

Which country has the best balanced accessibility/equality/quality relation of the health care in the past three decades?
A) Hungary
B) USA
C) Canada
D) Poland

C) Canada

The four-player model of healthcare services is extended with one of the following participants compared to the two-player everyday consumer model:
A) Provider
B) Politics (state)
C) Both
D) None

B) Politics (state)

In which case are the interests of the provider and the insurer contrary in the field of healthcare?
A) the amount of contribution paid by the insured person
B) The spectrum of services offered by the service provider facilites
C) Both
D) None

B) The spectrum of services offered by the service provider facilites

How many active family doctors work in adult basic care in Hungary approximately?
A) 1000
B) 5000
C) 10000
D) 20000

B) 5000

What is the most important determinant factor in the financing of general practices in Hungary?
A) the number of patients registered at the GP
B) Number of actual doctor-patient encounters
C) quality of the provided primarycare
D) Preventive services (and their quality) performed by the general practitioner

A) the number of patients registered at the GP

What is the most common service type within the activity of the pulmonary care institutions in Hungary?
A) X-ray screening (“lung screening”)
B) complex screening
C) Other primary and secondary prevention services
D) Chronic care and treatment of pulmonologic patients

D) Chronic care and treatment of pulmonologic patients

Which of the following statements is not true related to blood provision in Hungary?
A) The tasks related to blood provision is managed by the Hungarian Red Cross
B) blood donation is voluntary
C) blood donation is free of charge
D) human blood can not be marketed

A) The tasks related to blood provision is managed by the Hungarian Red Cross

In which field do medical doctors work as entrepreneurs with the highest proportion?
A) Primary Care
B) Outpatient care - Dentists
C) Outpatient care - Specialists (except for dentists)
D) Active inpatient care

A) Primary Care

What are the main points of Bismarck’s health insurance system?
A) Health-related costs/expenditure are covered by taxes; the care is based on citizenship and belongs to everyone (civil right)
B) contribution is in relation to income, care is based on needs; the care is granted for those who are paying the contribuition
C) contribution and chosen service are defined in a contract; care is granted to the insured person
D) None of them

B) contribution is in relation to income, care is based on needs; the care is granted for those who are paying the contribuition

How much time is spent on average by general practitioners with one patient?
A) 6-7 minutes
B) 10-12 minutes
C) 16-18 minutes
D) 25-27 minutes

A) 6-7 minutes

The main objectives of public health are:
1) continuous monitoring of the given population’s health status, identification of groups/individuals with increased risk, identification of health problems and public health priorities
2) development of health promotion and disease prevention programs
3) an investigation related to the availability of health services
4) establishing the healthcare framework

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct

Findings leading to the establishment of modern epidemiology:
1) microbiological identification of pathogens
2) discovering the immune system
3) invention of antimicrobial chemotherapeutics
4) vaccination against smallpox

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct

The definition of health defined by Stokes et al. combines the following:
1) anatomical integrity
2) ability to be “valuable” for the family, in the workplace and in society
3) ability to overcome physical, biological and social burdens/stress
4) the absence of polymorphism in the gene pool

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct

Which of the following public health activities is/are primary preventive intervention(s)?
1) cervical cancer screening
2) vaccination
3) breast tumour screening
4) programs related to the prevention of smoking addiction

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

C) answers 2 and 4 are correct

Epidemiology:
1) uses population level methods
2) examines the distribution of health status/phenomena
3) examines the distribution of factors that affect health status
4) examines the distribution of changes in health status/phenomena

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

E) all of the answers are correct

Epidemiological studies refer to populations which
1) can be defined geographically
2) can be defined in time
3) members have one or more common characteristics
4) members do not have one or more charateristics

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

E) all of the answers are correct

The census
1) involves all members of the population
2) examines the population for a certain time (date?)
3) in Hungary census was first conducted between 1784 and 1778
4) examines a representative sample of the population

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct

Ecological studies:
1) usually produce correlation indicators
2) create and analyse scatter diagrams
3) are based on data collection at population level
4) evaluate relations of parameters of various groups

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

E) all of the answers are correct

Analytical epidemiological studies
1) most common types are the case/control and the cohort studies
2) Testhypothetical relationships using aggregated or individual data
3) evaluate the role of significance of etiological factors
4) Analyze data obtained from observation or generated by experimental procedures.

A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

B) answers 1 and 3 are correct

Which health monitoring method (s) can be used when the information required to operate the monitor goes beyond the routine information requirements and which is not required by law and requires additional work and commitment of the data providers?
1) Polls
2) Linking custom data from other databases
3) Disease (group)-specific registries
4) Voluntary data providers

A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only 4 is right
E) all 4 answers are correct

D) only 4 is right

An indicator is considered as well defined when
1) its calculation is based on a standardized method.
2) it is connected to interventions.
3) its results can be compared in different populations.
4) it is easy to interpret.

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

E) all of the answers are correct

The following quality criteria can be specified for user protection at healthcare websites:
1) the website should contain the exact name, postal and electronic address of the service provider
2) authors of the website should be easily identified
3) the last update must be indicated clearly
4) If the site recommends the use of medications, then it must indicate that the recommendation does not replace the personal advice of professionals.

A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

E) all 4 answers are correct

How does the treatment threshold depend on the benefit and risk of the treatment?
1) treatment threshold = 1 / [risk / benefit +1]
2) treatment threshold = 1 / [benefit / risk +1]
3) treatment threshold = benefit / (risk + benefit)
4) treatment threshold = risk / (benefit + risk)

A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

C) answers 2 and 4 are correct

Average life expectancy at birth in Hungary between 1988 and 1993
1) for men, it has been gradually dropping behind the Austrian reference level
2) For women, it has been increasing steadily
3) For women, it has been gradually dropping behind the Austrian reference level
4) for men, it has been decreasing steadily

A) statements 1, 2 and 3 are corrrect
B) statements 1 and 3 are correct
C) statements 2 and 4 are correct
D) only statement 4 is correct
E) all statement are correct

E) all statement are correct

The revisions of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) are characterized by the followings:
1) Revision 10 is currently valid
2) Revision 11 is currently in progress
3) professional reviews are supervised by the WHO
4) Class boundaries will be ereased in the 11th revision

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answer 1 and 3 are correct
C) Answer 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct

The incidence of new malignant neoplasms is characterized by the following in Hungary
1) The most frequent malignancy in men is prostate cancer
2) The most frequent malignancy in men is bronchial and lung cancer
3) The most frequent malignancy in women is bronchial and lung cancer
4) The most frequent malignancy in women is breast cancer

A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) Answers 2 and 4 are right
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

C) Answers 2 and 4 are right

Amongst the etiological factors of malignancies, in case of men the size of which risk factor(s) reaches or exceeds 10% ?
1) lifestyle factors
2) smoking
3) exposure to sunlight
4) occupational exposure

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct

Carcinogenic nutritional ingredients / factors:
1) N-nitroso compounds
2) flavonoids
3) low-fibre diet
4) beta-carotene

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

B) answers 1 and 3 are correct

Breast screening is recommended in Hungary as follows:
1) for women aged 50-65
2) for women aged 45-65
3) annually
4) biannually

A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) Answers 2 and 4 are right
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

C) Answers 2 and 4 are right

Epidemiological studies proving the relationship between being overweight/obese and the onset of coronary heart disease:

1) North Karelia project
2) Pritkin-Ornish
3) Framingham Heart Study
4) National Cholesterol Education Committee

A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct

According to the recommendation based on the cooperation of the World Health Organization and the American Society of Diabetes, diabetes screening is characterized by the following:
1) it is reasonable above the age of 45
2) it is based on determining fasting blood sugar levels
3) In case of normal test results, the repetition of the test on a three yearly basis seems to be appropiate
4) it is based on the oral glucose tolerance test

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answer 1 and 3 are correct
C) Answer 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct

Risk factor(s) of osteoporosis is (are):
1) decrease in oestrogen production
2) physical inactivity
3) smoking
4) D-hypervitaminosis

A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) Only answer 4 is correct
E) All of the answers are correct

A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct

Liver diseases and cirrhosis in Hungary
1) accounts for approximately 80% of premature death cases caused by gastrointestinal diseases
2) about 80% of these diseases has an alcoholi-related origin
3) their high prevalence can be explained by the amount of alcohol consumed
4) their high prevalence can be explained by the quality of alcohol consumed

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

E) all of the answers are correct

Strategy for the prevention of accidental injuries and accidental deaths:
1) its aim is the accident control instead of accident prevention
2) the best known strategy is Haddon’s strategy
3) is mainly not related to public health
4) focuses on the safe designing of vehicles and trafic areas

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

E) all 4 answers are correct

Strategic groups of suicide prevention are the followings:
1) Training of professionals who are able to identify individuals with increased risk
2) Elimination of the identified risk factors as much as possible
3) Providing direct help through the use of crisis ambulances and helplines
4) Employment program aiming at the mentally ill people

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answer 1 and 3 are correct
C) Answer 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct

The IPV is characterized by the followings:
1) it contains inactivated viruses
2) it is an oral vaccine
3) the last vaccine is being given to children of 6 years old in Hungary
4) the last vaccine is being given to children of 15 months old in Hungary

A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) Answer 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

B) answers 1 and 3 are correct

If botulism infection is suspected, then the following samples should be sent to the laboratory:
1) feces
2) food leftovers
3) vomit
4) blood

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

C) answers 2 and 4 are correct

Final disinfection is mandatorial in the following infectious diseases:
1) Cholera
2) Infectious hepatitis
3) Diphtheria
4) Salmonellosis

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

E) all of the answers are correct

The following reported infectious diseases should be unreported:
1) in case of long lasting changes affecting any organ
2) in case of complications
3) in case of lethal outcome
4) in case of severe diseases

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answer 1 and 3 are correct
C) Answer 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct

In which disease(s) should the patient be separated/isolated/quarantined at the joint Szent István - Szent László Hospital?
1) Hepatitis A
2) AIDS
3) typhoid abdominalis
4) acute anterior polyomyelitis

A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answer 1 and 3 are correct
C) Answer 2 and 4 are correct
D) only 4 is right
E) all 4 answers are correct

D) only 4 is right

Clearance investigations are required in case of infection with the following pathogen(s):
1) Salmonella enteritidis
2) Salmonella typhi
3) Vibrio cholerae
4) Yersinia enterocolitica

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct

ETEC group of E. coli is characterized by the followings:
1) causes dysenteria in infants
2) causes cholera-like symptoms in adults
3) causes dysenteria-like symptoms in adults
4) causes asymptomatic excretion/shedding

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

C) answers 2 and 4 are correct

Select which of the listed diseases are mandatory to be screened for in certain work-related activities (in child-care, educational and health institutions, food industry, etc.).
1) syphilis
2) gonorrhea
3) HIV
4) genitourinary chlamydial infection

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct

In which secretion of the patient can the Lyssavirus be detected?
1) saliva
2) tears
3) urine
4) milk

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

E) all of the answers are correct

Active immunization is used to prevent the following diseases:
1) meningitis epidemica
2) scarlet fever
3) pneumococcal meningitis
4) legionellosis

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

B) answers 1 and 3 are correct

Which of the listed pathogens play(s) a role in the development of tumors?
1) HPV
2) HBV
3) HCV
4) HAV

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct

Patients infected with the following disease(s) should be isolated:
1) meningitis epidemica
2) parotitis epidemica
3) scarlet fever
4) legionellosis

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct

In which case(s) should chemoprophylaxis be used on the contact persons?
1) Diphtheria
2) Meningitis epidemica
3) H. influenzae meningitis
4) Pertussis

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

E) all of the answers are correct

Admission to the given health care facility should be suspended if the disease(s) below take(s) place in the institution:
1) scarlet fever
2) meningitis caused by H. influenzae
3) invasive disease caused by Pneumococcus pneumoniae
4) meningitis epidemica

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

D) only answer 4 is correct

Which disease(s) is (are) spread by cats?
1) Q fever
2) Lyssa (rabies)
3) Tularemia
4) Toxoplasmosis

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

E) all of the answers are correct

Which of the listed wastes can not be destroyed by incineration?
1) radioactive waste
2) waste containing more than 40% chlorine
3) which causes the formation of carcinogenic substances during incineration
4) which have heavy metal content of more than a few percent

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

E) all of the answers are correct

Which of the listed substances could cause hematopoietic cancer in humans due to their chronic exposure?
1) vinyl chloride
2) benzidine
3) nitrosamine
4) benzene

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

D) only answer 4 is correct

Which gas(es) can cause pulmonary oedema when inhaled at high concentration?
1) ethylene
2) phosgene
3) hydrogen sulfide
4) fluorine

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

C) answers 2 and 4 are correct

Cadmium of the soil is accumulated in the following plant(s):
1) tobacco plant
2) leafy vegetables
3) potato
4) cereals

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

E) all 4 answers are correct

Which of the following wastes is/are considered as hazardous waste(s)?
1) manure of livestock farms
2) unused pesticides
3) medical waste
4) household chemical products

A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

E) all 4 answers are correct

Which muscarinic symptoms can be alleviated by the addition of atropine in organic phosphate ester poisoning?
1) bronchospasm
2) bradycardia
3) narrowed pupils (pinpoint pupils)
4) spasms of the respiratory muscles

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct

Which of the following four heavy metals has/have human mutagenic effect?
1) cadmium
2) cobalt
3) chrome
4) lead

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

B) answers 1 and 3 are correct

Pregnant women are not allowed to be employed at a given workplace if it means exposition to the following metal(s):
1) Nickel
2) Lead
3) Mercury
4) Arsenic

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

E) all 4 answers are correct

Which are the characteristics of London-type smog?
1) It is reducing type smog.
2) Nitrogen oxide plays a role in its mechanism.
3) Sulfur dioxide plays a role in its mechanism.
4) UV radiation is required to its formation.

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

B) answers 1 and 3 are correct

Complication(s) of silicosis is/are the followings:
1) Raynaud syndrome
2) tuberculosis
3) pleural mesothelioma
4) cor pulmonale

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

C) answers 2 and 4 are correct

Cancer disease (s) caused by asbestos exposure
1) lymphoma
2) Mesothelioma
3) pancreatic cancer
4) lung carcinoma

A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) Answers 2 and 4 are right
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

C) Answers 2 and 4 are right

Benzene:
1) damages the bone marrow and causes aplastic anaemia
2) its vapors mainly damage the lungs
3) due to its chronic effect acute myeloid leukemia may develop
4) causes skin burns

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

B) answers 1 and 3 are correct

Which pesticides inhibit/block the activity of acetylcholinesterase?
1) methylcarbamates
2) chlorinated hydrocarbons
3) organic phosphate esters
4) phenol derivatives

A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) Answer 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct

What are the characteristics of PCBs?
1) they accumulate in the adipose tissue
2) they are excreted in breast milk
3) they induce microsomal enzymes in the liver
4) the population is mainly exposed to them by inhalation

A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) Answer 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct

Which metabolite detected in the urine refers to benzene exposure during biomonitoring?
1) phenolic acid
2) hippuric acid
3) muconic acid
4) ortho-cresol

A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct

What are the stochastic effects of ionizing radiation?
1) teratogenic effects
2) cataract
3) dermatitis caused by radiation
4) carcinogenic effect

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

D) only answer 4 is correct

What are the characteristics of acute acoustic trauma?
1) The role of air pressure change is significant in its development
2) Developed due sound of high intensity
3) Hearing loss is bilateral
4) Hearing impairment is perceived

A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) Answers 2 and 4 are right
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

C) Answers 2 and 4 are right

What is the relationship between the level of education and the health status?
1) The health status of higher educated persons is better than the health status of lower educated persons.
2) Higher educated people are less likely to visit their doctor in severe complaints than those with lower education level.
3) Higher education means a higher comprehensive capacity, therefore it facilitates the access to disease prevention information.
4) The proportion of smokers is higher among higher educated people

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

B) answers 1 and 3 are correct

What are the risk factors of preterm birth?
1) young age of the mother (under 19 years)
2) lower education level of the mother
3) previous abortion
4) diabetic mother

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

E) all of the answers are correct

What are the most frequent sensory changes affecting the elderly?
1) Cataract
2) Presbyacusis
3) Presbyopia
4) Deterioration of the equilibrium

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

E) all 4 answers are correct

Which of the following substances is/are responsible for the carcinogenic effect of smoking?
1) N’-nitrosonornicotine
2) nicotine
3) benzo(a)pyrene
4) carbon monoxide

A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) Only answer 4 is correct
E) All of the answers are correct

B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct

Symptoms of vitamin A deficiency:
1) blindness
2) xerophtalmia
3) keratomalacia, complete blindness
4) increased susceptibility to infectious diseases

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

E) all 4 answers are correct

Which of the followings could cause vitamin B12 deficiency?:
1) a strict vegetarian diet
2) Folic acid deficiency
3) atrophic gastritis affecting the elderly
4) lack of UV exposure

A) 1, 2 and 3 is correct
B) the correct answers are 1 and 3
C) 2 and 4 is correct
D) only 4 correct answer
E) 4 and the answer is correct

B) the correct answers are 1 and 3

Factors that increase the risk of obesity:
1) sedentary lifestyle
2) poor socio-economic status (in developed countries)
3) high consumption of soft drinks
4) foods with low glycemic index

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct

Obesity increases the risk of:
1) hypertension
2) Type 2 diabetes
3) breast cancer
4) colorectal cancer

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

E) all of the answers are correct

To prevent the development of type 2 diabetes, the followings is/are recommended:
1) Weight loss
2) Regular physical exercise
3) Consumption of dietary fibers
4) Limiting the intake of saturated fats

A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answer 1 and 3 are correct
C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only 4 is correct answer
E) all 4 answers are correct

E) all 4 answers are correct

Nutritional recommendation for cancer prevention:
1) Cutdown of alcohol consumption
2) Breastfeeding
3) increased consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables
4) Avoiding milk consumption

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answer 1 and 3 are correct
C) 2 and 4 are correct
D) only 4 is correct answer
E) all 4 answers are correct

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct

In case of a suspected mushroom poisoning:
1) the patient should be vomited or gastric lavage must be performed
2) persons suspected of mushroom poisoning should be observed for 48 hours
3) stomach lavage liquid, food leftovers, kitchen wastes should be sent for laboratory testing
4) the Public Health Authority should be notified in a written reporting form

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

E) all 4 answers are correct

Which of the following activities is/are the most popular method(s) of quality improvement (PDCA)?
1) Planning
2) Action
3) Check (control)
4) Feedback

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

E) all 4 answers are correct

Which of the followings is/are the main fields of health policies?
1) Supporting health oriented decisions to be made
2) Ensuring equal access to care
3) Health protection and health promotion
4) Preventing special health problems

A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only 4 is correct answer
E) all 4 answers are correct

E) all 4 answers are correct

Which of the following statements applies to the solidarity-type insurance system?
1) Ensures equal opportunities better compared to the risk system
2) It is profit-oriented system
3) It does not encourage participants to maintain disease-preventive lifestyles
4) This system provides health services of the highest quality

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

B) answers 1 and 3 are correct

Act LXXXIII (1997) (about the mandatory health insurance in Hungary) applies which principles to the regulation of health insurance from the followings?
1) Financial health insurance services are proportional to the amount of the mandatory health insurance contribution
2) Healthcare services have the same professional content for all people who are entitled to health care
3) The State ensures that the services specified in this Act be fulfilled even if the necessary costs can not be covered by the health insurance
4) In the structure of the health care system, progressivity has the utmost importance

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answer 1 and 3 are correct
C) 2 and 4 are correct
D) only 4 is correct answer
E) all 4 answers are correct

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct

For which of the following areas and institutions, respectively lies the responsibilities on State Secretariat for Healthcare of the Ministry of Human Capacities
1) National Public Health and Medical Office Service
2) Patient care at universities
3) The authorities of the health care with national power
4) WHO Regional Office

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answer 1 and 3 are correct
C) Answer 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all 4 answers are correct

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct

Which of the followings are among the main objectives of the European Health Strategy 2008-2013?
1) Harmonization of the health policies of the member states
2) Protecting the health of the aging population
3) Establishment of a Joint European Health Fund to finance the EU action programs
4) Support of dynamic health systems and new technologies for the sustainable development of health systems

A) 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answer 1 and 3 are correct
C) 2 and 4 are correct
D) only 4 correct answer
E) all 4 answers are correct

C) 2 and 4 are correct

Interventions aimed at cardiovascular disease and cancer prevention are often the same, because the etiological backgrounds of the two diseases significantly overlap.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them

Breast cancer mortality rates among Hungarian women are more than twice as high as the EU-15 average,because in Hungary breast cancer screeningwas introduced only in 2005.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

E) both are wrong

Breast cancer and ovarian cancer sometimes have familial accumulations because in these cancers the background of genetic susceptibility is partly the same.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them

The potential carcinogenic effect of androgens has came up among bodybuilders, because an increased rate of incidence of prostate cancer could be seen among them.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong

Women in the premenopausal period have a lower risk of hypertension than men of the same age, becausein women the effects of the predisposing genes become effective later.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them

The incidence of obesitity has increased dramatically in most developed countries, because a diet which replaces saturated fats with monounsaturated fats has no cholesterol-lowering effect.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them

Chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis are the most common cause of deaths among men in Hungary, because more than 80% of deaths dueto gastrointestinal diseases are caused by liver diseases.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself

The reason behind about 80 % of gastric ulcers is an infection with H. pylori, because according to the estimations 80% of the world’s population are infected with this pathogen.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong

25% of the population develop a mental illness or a behavioral disorder during their lifetime, because the most frequent disease in this group is depression.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them

Vaccination is one of the most important primary prevention tool, because the use of vaccines significantly influences the incidence of infectious diseases.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them

Pregnancy is an absolute contraindication to the administration of vaccines because the vaccine may also affect the fetus.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself

If 10 years or more have elapsed since the last revaccination and the wound is severely damaged, contaminated with soil, then the patient should be given active and passive immunization against tetanus because there is an increased risk of infection in these cases.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them

In case of suspected acute hepatitis B virus infection, passive immunization makes no sense at all because due to the low occurence of the population, the γ-globulin products are low on titer.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself

The incubation period of Clostridium perfringens toxin infection is 6 to 24 hours, because the disease is characterized by abdominal cramping, multiple, often unbound diarrhoea and rapid recovering.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them

Nowadays iodine-containing disinfectants are not used because they sometimes cause allergic symptoms.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself

The reporting of infectious diseases (regardless of the submission of theregistration form) should always also be done over the phone, because this is the only effective way to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

E) both are wrong

Boiling (cooking) foods prevents food poisoning caused by Staphylococcus aureus because the S. aureus’ toxin is sensitive to heat.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

E) both are wrong

In patients infected with syphilis and gonorrhea, an HIV screening test should also be performed because a single person may has been infected with several sexually transmitted diseases at the same time.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them

The proportion of reported nosocomial infections as a result of preventive interventions/processes decreased to 4-5% in Hungary, because nosocomial surveillance with adequate method and intensity can prevent approximately one third of these infections.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself

Not all HIV-positive pregnant women give birth to an infected newborn because the transplacental transmission of the virus from the mother to the fetus occurs in 30-40% of the cases.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them

Varicella infection in the first trimester of pregnancy causes symptoms only in the mother, because the varicella virus is not transferred transplacentally to the fetus.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

E) both are wrong

Chemical safety aims at protecting human health and the environment against the hazards of chemicals, because as the first phase of the process, the substances should be classified on the basis of their physical, physicochemical, human- and ecotoxicological properties .
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them

As an effect of the global warming summer heatwaves cause more cardiovascular and respiratory illness-related deaths because primarily elderly people suffering from these chronic diseases tolerate poorly the climatic effects of heatwaves and among them the lethal outcome is more frequent.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them

The symptoms of acute and the chronic exposure of xenobiotics are the same because their point of action and mechanism of action are the same in both forms of intoxication.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

E) both are wrong

The amount of pollutants emitted into the air is given in mg / m3 because they may reach different distances from their emission point, depending on geographical and weather conditions.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself

The alkylated mercury derivatives are stable and lipophilic because they ambient elemental or inorganic mercury is converted to methyl or dimethylmercury due to the biotransformation.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them

The main symptom of chronic human pyrethroid intoxication is paresthesia of peripheral nerves, because their toxic metabolite formed in mammals damages the myelin sheet.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

E) both are wrong

Women exposed to teratogenic chemicals should be advised to report their lack of menstruation immediately because pregnant women should not be exposed to such toxic effects, so they should be taken off/removed from the given work.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them

Elderly people are the most suceptible to “sick building” syndrome because the symptoms develop due to the increase and accumulation of concentrations of indoor chemical air pollutants.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself

PCBs accumulate in adipose tissue and are excreted in breast milk, because their main representatives, the dioxins mean occupational exposure mainly in the electrical and paint industries.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong

The composition of karstic water is generally favorable for human consumption because it does not contain any environmental pollution due to its geological location.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong

Acute acoustic trauma usually affects the inner ear only because high-intensity noise is not associated with significant air pressure changes.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them

Acoustic blast trauma induced hearing loss is most commonly caused by the firing of firearms, because the damage is caused by the combined effect of a single, high-intensity sound wave and a change in air pressure.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself

The maximum concentration (MC) of carcinogenic substances in the air in the working enviroment is also referred to as “tolerable” value, because concentrations of the carcinogenic substances under the MC value cause no tumour.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong

Occupational diseases are prevented by primary prevention, because screening is the most effective method of primary prevention.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong

Work-related diseases occur only at workers because work-related diseases can be largely correlated with the profession.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

E) both are wrong

The effective temperature takes into account the air temperature, the relative air humidity and the speed of the airflow, because the effective temperature can be determined with the help of a nomogram.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them

Acclimatization to heat work is usually completed within 2 weeks because during the acclimatization the heart rate increases.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong

The acute local radiation injury has a threshold dose, because an acute local radiation injury is the deterministic effect of ionizing radiation.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them

Young people are entitled to home pediatrician care until the age of 18, because childhood lasts up to their18th year according to the UN definition.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them

The prevalence of age-related diseases associated with the fray of the skeletal system is high because these diseases cause significant loss of functin thus deteriorating life quality.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them

Regular physical exercise helps maintaining muscle strength among the elderly because it reduces the risk of constipation and mental deterioration.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them

It is recommended for everyone to get a vaccination against influenza and pneumonia caused by pneumococci over the age of 65, because the mortality of these diseases is high at this age.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them

Deterioration of social status reduces the risk of death in men, because the worsening of social status causes severe chronic stress.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself

Caries prevention by fluoridation of drinking water requires a political decision, because the fluoridation of drinking water can not be done at home, but only by the contribution of the water providers.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them

There is no disease due to iodine deficiency in Hungary, because the consumption of iodised salt can prevent the formation of such diseases.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself

Vitamin D is considered as an essential nutrient because its chronic deficiency in children can lead to rachitis.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself

Vegetarian diet is usually not considered a healthy diet, because in the absence of animal proteins the essential amino acid requirements of the body can not be guaranteed.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

E) both are wrong

Although in the developed countries a much higher calcium intake could be seen, the number of hip fractures is higher, because high protein consumption increases renal calcium loss.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them

In addition to limiting the intake of saturated fatty acids it is important in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases to consume whole-grain, vegetables, fruits and legumes, because a high-fiber diet has been proven to reduce the risk of ischaemic heart disease.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them

Food safety is the responsibility of the workers of the food industry because it inot the responsibility of consumers to ensure food safety.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

E) both are wrong

The number of dental treatments for adults in Hungary has temporarily declined since 1995, because in 1995 a large number of dental treatments for adults were discontinued to be financed by state health insurance.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them

The most important element of the reconstruction of the health-care system in the last years (and currently) has been the significant reduction in outpatient care, because outpatient care is the most expensive service in the healthcare sector.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

E) both are wrong

Equal opportunity is fundamental element of health care, because equal opportunities are not just related to health care, they also require multisectoralism.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself

High-quality health services and equal opportunities even in developed countries can not be guaranteed for the whole population because healthcare providers never have a financial interest in reaching this situation.
A) both are right, they have a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong
D) The first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

C) the first is correct in itself, the second is wrong

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Public health Flashcards

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