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2.3.2. Reproductive System > Puberty > Flashcards

Puberty Flashcards

1
Q

At what stage does sexual dimorphism start?

A

Puberty

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2
Q

What brings on the onset of puberty?

A

Girls weight 47kg

Nutrition

Leptin = signal the presence of fat

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3
Q

Outline the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics in girls

A

9-13yrs

Breast bud

Oestrogen and testosterone

Pubic hair growth = in response to testosterone

Before boys

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4
Q

Discuss the role of oestrogen

A

Important in bone mass

Closing the ephiseal growth plates

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5
Q

What is the role of aromatase?

A

Enzymes in fatty tissue

Responsible for conversion of androgens to oestrogen’s

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6
Q

Outline the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics in boys

A

10-14yrs

Genital devel

Testosterone dependent

Pubic hair growth

Spermatogenesis

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7
Q

What is the tanner scale?

A

Physical measurements of development based on external primary and secondary sex characteristics, such as the size of the breasts, genitals, testicular volume and development of pubic hair

Chart the development of puberty

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8
Q

What is somatic growth?

A

Growth of the cells of the body in contrast to the germ line cells

Both sexes

Depends of growth hormone and sex steroids

Earlier and shorter in girls

Ended in both sexes by epiphyseal fusion

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9
Q

What axis switches on to activate puberty?

A

HPG axis

Gradual activation of GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)

Increasing LH pulses

Gonadotropins stim release of sexual steroids

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10
Q

What hormones has a critical role in reproductive maturation being established?

A

GnRH

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11
Q

What does GnRH go onto stimulate?

A

AP gonadotrophs to prod =

1) luteinizing hormone (LH
(2) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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12
Q

Outline somatic growth in puberty

A

Leptin = GnRH = LH = oestrogen from the ovaries = stim increased GH pulse amplitude = increased IGF-1 = growth spurt

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13
Q

Outline leptin

A

Adipocyte-derived protein hormone

Pulsatile release

Reg function in puberty – in regards to fat levels

Reg release of GnRH

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14
Q

What changes could account for some of the early pubertal changes seen in males?

A

Sleep related LH increase = nocturnal rise in testosterone = early pubertal changes

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15
Q

Outline the HPG axis

A

Hypothalamus = pulsatile GnRH

Pituitary = LH and FSH

Gonad = androgens, oestrogen

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16
Q

What is precocious puberty?

A

Puberty too young

Tumour in pineal

17
Q

Outline the control of the HPG axis in males?

A

High testosterone = -ve feedback on hypothalamus

Low testosterone = no -ve feedback = hypothalamus starts GnRH prod

18
Q

LH goes on to stimulate what in males?

A

Leydig cells (in the interstitial tissue between the seminiferous tubules) = prod testosterone from cholesterol

19
Q

What are sertoli cells?

A

Sensitive to FSH = increase sperm prod

Forming tight junctions = prevents sperm entering the blood

20
Q

How are sertoli cells controlled?

A

High FSH = prod inhibin = -ve feedback on AP = lower FSH = lower prod of sperm

21
Q

What is the target of FSH in females?

A

Granulose cells

22
Q

What is the target of LH in females?

A

Theca interna

23
Q

Where is progesterone prod?

A

Corpus luteum

24
Q

What are the cell types in the ovary?

A

Oocyte = gamete

Zona pelucida = Surrounds ovum before implantation

Antrum (secondary follicle) = in the latter stage of folliculogenesis

Zona granulosa = Respond to FSH by converting testosterone to oestrogen by aromatase. Produce progesterone after ovulation.

Theca interna = Respond to LH by producing androgens

25
Q

How do varying levels of oestrogen effect GnRH?

A

Low = -ve feedback = reduce GnRH

High = +ve feedback = promote GnRH = LH surge

26
Q

How does progesterone work with oestrogen?

A

When oestrogen is low = progesterone increases its inhib effects

When oestrogen is high = progesterone prevents +ve feedback

27
Q

Outline the role of inhibin

A

Prod from the granulosa cells of corpus luteum

Inhibits FSH

Small inhib of LH

2.3.2. Reproductive System (20 decks)

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