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2.3.2. Reproductive System > Getting Pregnant > Flashcards

Getting Pregnant Flashcards

1
Q

What are leydig cells?

A

Prod testosterone in response to LH

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2
Q

What are Sertoli cells?

A

Cells are the testis

Create right environment for the sperm

Secretes aromatase

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3
Q

Outline the purpose of the ‘waiting stage’ after ovulation

A

Built in to the normal lifespan of the corpus luteum

Stops the degeneration of the corpus luteum

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4
Q

What is the cumulus oophorus

A

Oocyte surrounded by clump of granulosa cells = corona radiata

Sperm needs to penetrate this

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5
Q

What makes up the semen and where does it come from?

A

Testes = sperm

Seminal vesicle = alkaline fluid, fructose, prostaglandins

Prostate gland = milky, slightly acidic, proteolytic enzymes, citric acid

Bulbourethral gland = alkaline fluid, lubricates

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6
Q

What are the functions of the semen?

A

Transport medium

Nutrition

Buffering capacity of acidic vaginal environment

Prostaglandins stim muscular activity in the female tract

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7
Q

What factors are examined during a semen analysis?

A 
Volume
Viscosity
PH
Count
Motility
Morphology
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8
Q

The human sexual response can be divided into what phases?

A 
Excitement
Plateau
Orgasm
Refractory period (MALES ONLY)
Resolution
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9
Q

What are the stimulants and efferents involved in achieving an erection?

A

Stim = psychogenic, tactile (sensory afferents of penis/perineum)

Effer = somatic and autonomic, pelvic N, pudendal N

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10
Q

Outline the neurophysiology of an erection

A

Inhib of sympathetic arterial vasoconstriction Ns

Active parasympathetic

Activate autonomic Ns to arteries = release of nitric oxide (NO)

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11
Q

Outline how anatomically how an erection is achieved

A

Tough tunica albuginea surrounding corpora cavernosa (erectile tissue that swells with blood)

Sinusoidal expansion = trapping incoming blood

Arterial dilation = increased blood delivery

Venous compression = reduces venous outflow

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12
Q

During an erection why does the corpus spongiosum not fill with blood to the extent that the corpus cavernosa does?

A

Allows the urethra to remain patent for ejaculation

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13
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation involved an in erection?

A

Pelvic N

Pelvic plexus

Cavernous N to corpora cavernosa and vasculature

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14
Q

What is the role of nitric oxide in an erection?

A

Post-ganglionic fibres release ACh = binds endothelial receptor = release Ca inside the cell = NO formed = vascular smooth muscle relaxation

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15
Q

What are the causes of erectile dysfunction?

A

Psychological – inhib spinal reflexes

Tears in fibrous tissue of corpora cavernosa

Vascular

Drugs

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16
Q

Outline the mechanism of Viagra

A

Inhibits the enzyme that causes cGMP degradation = cGMP rises = increase NO levels = vascular smooth muscle relaxation

17
Q

What is emission?

A

Movement of semen into prostatic urethra

Contraction of SM in prostate, vas deferens, seminal vesicles

Under sympathetic control

18
Q

What happens during ejaculation?

A

Expulsion of semen

Under sympathetic control

Bladder internal sphincter controls

19
Q

How does the characteristics of the cervical mucus change over the menstrual cycle?

A

Oestrogen environment = thin mucus

Oestrogen/progesterone (after ovulation) = thick, forming a plug

20
Q

What is capacitation?

A

Maturation of sperm in the female repro tract = membrane changed to allow fusion with oocyte, tail movement also changes to whip-like action

21
Q

What is the fertile window?

A

Survival time

Spermatozoa = 4-72hrs

Oocyte = 6-24hrs

Fertile period = sperm deposition up to 3 days prior to ovulation

22
Q

What is the acrosome reaction?

A

Sperm push through corona radiata by hyaluronidase

Need a large number of sacrificial sperm to aid hyaluronidase release

Reaction between sperm and ZP3 glycoprotein of zona pellucida = acrosome reaction

23
Q

What are the stages of fertilisation?

A

Acrosome reaction

Sperm penetrates

Fusion of plasma membranes

Cortical reaction = blocking polyspermy

Complete meiosis II

Pronuclei move together

Mitotic spindle forms leading to cleavage

24
Q

What is the morula?

A

Solid ball of cell resulting from division of fertilised ovum

Every cell present is identical to original cell

Capacity to become any cell

2.3.2. Reproductive System (20 decks)

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