PTS SBA 4 corrections/notes

Question 1

what can be heard when there is an asthma attack

Answer 1

hyper resonant sounds from the hyperinflation of the lungs

Question 2

when are dull sounds heard on chest ausculation

Answer 2

fluid replaces air in the lung tissues, eg pleural effusions

Question 3

which is the most common type of lung cancer

Answer 3

adenocarcinoma- it is common in smokers and non smokers and there is a link to asbestos

Question 4

where do lung cancers metastasise to?

Answer 4

adrenal glands, bone, brain and liverw

Question 5

where do breast cancers metastasis to

Answer 5

brain, lung, bones, liver

Question 6

which chromosome is linked to haemochromatosis

Answer 6

chromosome 6
autosomal recessive

Question 7

which chromosome is affected in cystic fibrosis

Answer 7

chromosome 7
coding for cftr protein which causes defective cl-secretion adn na+ absorption
autosomal recessive

Question 8

which chromosome is affected in wilsons disease

Answer 8

chromosome 13
autosomal recessive

Question 9

which gene is affected in Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency

Answer 9

AAT gene in chromosome 14
autosomal recessive

Question 10

what is the treatment for primary syphillis

Answer 10

benzathine penicillin
azithromycin is second line treatment.

Question 11

which drug is used in prophylaxis of meningitis?

Answer 11

ciprofloxacin

Question 12

what is the biggest occupational health disorder category?

Answer 12

stress, anxiety and depression

Question 13

define sensitivity

Answer 13

proportion of the patients who have the disease and test positive.

Question 14

define specificity

Answer 14

the proportion of the patients who don’t have the disease and test negative

Question 15

describe a cerebellar stroke

Answer 15

ataxia, headache, vertigo, vomiting

Question 16

when is myasthenia gravis’ made worse?

Answer 16

sped up following an infection

Question 17

what is the affect of alcoholism on blood cells?

Answer 17

macrocytosis, shown through a raised MCV

Question 18

what is the most common cause of hepatitis in travellers?

Answer 18

Hepatitis A

Question 19

Describe the signs of an inguinal hernia

Answer 19

bulge on either side of pubic bone, more obvious when upright especially when coughing or straining

Question 20

what are the indicators of acute hep B infection

Answer 20

presence of surface antigens, E antigens, Core antibody and surface antibodies

Question 21

risk factors for gallstone

Answer 21

F’s
female
fertile
forty
fat

Question 22

risk factors for acute pancreatitis

Answer 22

I get smashed
idiopathic
gallstones
ethanol
trauma
steroid use
autoimmune
scorpion stings
hyperglycaemia
ERCP
DRUGS/meds

Question 23

which leukaemia is linked to downs syndrome

Answer 23

acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

Question 24

which factor is haemophilia B deficient in

Answer 24

factor 9whi

Question 25

which factor is haemophilia A deficient in

Answer 25

factor 8

Question 26

what is polycythaemia

Answer 26

increase in RBC production primary (rubra vera) is RBC overproduction in bone marrow secondary has underlying cause such as chronic hypoxia as a result of lung disease.wha

Question 27

what is DIC

Answer 27

disseminated intervascular coagulation causes bleeding as clotting factors are used up. usually triggered by a distinct event such as sepsis

Question 28

how does parvovirus B19 manifest?

Answer 28

usually a mild rash illness, in sickle cell it can cause a painful crisis

Question 29

which medications/foods can cause a crisis in those with G6PD deficiency

Answer 29

antimalarial meds (quinine) and green beans

Question 30

what is calcium gluconate used to treat?

Answer 30

Hypocalcaemia.

Question 31

which is the most common type of renal cancer

Answer 31

clear cell 75% papillary 10-15%

Question 32

what is the treatment for prostate cancer

Answer 32

GnRH agonist- inhibits the growth

Question 33

what is the management of acute pulmonary oedema

Answer 33

high flow oxygen, IV furosemide, IV morphine/ GTN

Question 34

risk factors for erectile dysfunction

Answer 34

stress, depression, poor relationship with partner, CVD, diabetes, trauma, smoking, alcohol, obesity, radical prostatectomy

Question 35

when is a UTI complicated

Answer 35

in a man pregnant lady upper tract recurrent immunocompromised a child

Question 36

what is the treatment for hypothyroidism

Answer 36

levothyroxine (synthetic thyroid)

Question 37

what is the test for acromegaly

Answer 37

oral glucose tolerance test

Question 38

which hormones are secreted from the anterior pituitary

Answer 38

fsh, gh, prolactin, aCTH, LH, Melanocyte

Question 39

what does severe hypercalcaemia present with

Answer 39

dehydration, confusion risk of cardiac arrest

Question 40

long term effects of steroid use

Answer 40

skin thinning and easy bruising diabetes mellitus immunocompromised osteoporosis proximal muscle weakness

Question 41

types of SVT

Answer 41

atrioventricular nodal re entrant tachycardia (AVNRT) atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia (AVRT) atrial tachycardia

Question 42

which type of SVT is wolf parkinsonn white

Answer 42

AVRT

Question 43

how long should a pr interval be

Answer 43

0.12-0.20s

Question 44

which medications are given to improve prognosis in heart failure

Answer 44

B blocker and ACEi

Question 45

what is angular stomatitis is a sign of?

Answer 45

iron deficiency anaemia

Question 46

what is the gold standard investigation for colorectal cancer

Answer 46

colonoscopy

Question 47

what are the red flags for colorectal cancer

Answer 47

tenesmus, rectal bleeding and weight loss and increased age.