PTS SBA 2 corrections/notes Flashcards
three cardinal signs of heart failure
shortness of breath, fatigue, ankle oedema
first line treatment for patients over 55 or of afrocaribbean descent
CCB- amlodipine
6ps of critical limb ischaemia
Pain
pallor
paralysis
paraesthesia
perishingly cold
pulselessness
four key features of tetralogy
ventricular septal defect
pulmonary stenosis
hypertrophy of right ventricle
overriding aorta
does autoimmune gastritis cause peptic ulcers
NO
what is the first line investigation for large bowel obstruction
abdominal xray
when do duodenal ulcers cause pain
cause pain several hours after eating as the acid from the stomach passes over it.
the pain is relieved by eating
what does blood present on wiping indicate
haemmorhoids
will hypervolaemia or hypovolaemia cause AKI?
hypovolaemia
why is trimethoprim avoided in pregnancy?
it is teratogenic in the first trimester as it inhibits folate synthesis
is nephrotic syndrome associated with polycystic kidney disease?
NO
list the risk factors for DVT?
recent surgery, immobilisation/leg fracture, oestrogens, malignancy, history of DVT or PE, long haul flights, inherited thrombophillia
what is the treatment for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura? (TTP)
URGENT plasma exchange
which protein does rituximab target?
CD20! only found on B cells.
what does rituximab treat?
non hodgkins lymphoma, CLL
treatment for severe/complicated malaria?
IV artesunate
what is oral chloroquine used to treat?
uncomplicated malaria
what reactions are mast cells found in?
allergic reactions- they release histamine
when do neutrophils dominate a reaction?
during acute inflammation
which cells dominate chronic inflammation
B lymphocytes, macrophages, T lymphocytes
is atrial fibrillation linked to liver failure?
NO
which condition are kayser fleischer rings found in?
Wilsons disease- deposits of copper around the iris of the eye
how is ascending cholangitis and biliary colic differentiated
ascending cholangitis presents with charcots triad: jaundice, RUQ and fever with rigors.
what can alendronic acid cause?
a bisphosphonate: it can cause oesophagitis
what is ‘pencil in a cup’ X ray indicative of?
arthritis mutilans (severe psoriatic arthritis)
how does pseudogout present
acute onset monoarthritis, often in the knee.
fever
unlike gout there is not normally a trigger
what are risk factors for pseudogout?
hyperparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, hemochromatosis, electrolyte imbalances such as hypomagnesemia and hypophosphatemia, osteoarthritis, old age and prior joint injury
what is the first line treatment for generalised seixures
sodium valporate
is an intention tremor (shaking when reaching for something) indicative of PD
NO- a resting tremor (pill rolling) is present in PD
what is the differential between compression of spinal cord and cauda equina syndrome
there is sensory loss in compression, one dermatome below the compression.
does lymphoedema cause peripheral neuropathy?
no- it is swelling of the arms or legs due removal of the lymph nodes
how long can you wait to use ALTEPLASE on a patient with a suspected stroke
should be administered within 4.5 hours of symptoms onset.
EXCLUDE haemorrhagic cause first via head CT!
what are the most common bacterial organisms which cause infective exacerbations of COPD?
-Haemophilus influenzae (most common cause)
- Streptococcus pneumonia
- Moraxella catarrhalis
Respiratory viruses account for 30% of COPD exacerbations with rhinovirus being the most common
viral cause.
what is used to asses the support provided to patients with an exacerbation of COPD?
ABG sampling
what type of drug is salbutamol
short acting beta agonist- works on beta 2 adrenergic receptors in lungs.
what side effects can salbutamol have?
it is not completely selective so can cause tachycardia and a tremor. it can also cause hypokalaemia
what is the most common form of lung cancer?
Adenocarcinoma- in both smokers and non smokers.
Name the CURB65 criteria
Confusion (<8/10 on abbreviated mental test score)
UREA >7mmol/L
Resp rate >30/min
Blood pressure: systolic <90 mmHg and/or diastolic <60mmHg
Aged >65 yo
