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Clinical Pathology > PT Final > Flashcards

PT Final Flashcards

1
Q

Three systems that integrate afferent input to efferent output

A

vision, peripheral vestibular system(semi circ. canals), somatosensory system (propricoeption, cerebellum)

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2
Q

gaze stabilization is

A

walking while keeping eyes fixed

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2
Q

cervico ocular reflex

A

fixation of eyes while moving neck

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3
Q

optokinetic reflex

A

maintains eye position with movements of the head

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4
Q

movement within the labyrinth causes:

A

eye moevements and postural adjustments

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5
Q

what is the NS goal in standing biomechanics?

A

keep the center of gravity centered between the base of support

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6
Q

Semicircular canals detect BLANKK acceleration

A

angular

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7
Q

Angular acceleration=

A

head rotation or change in velocity along a curve

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8
Q

Utricle and Saccule detect BLANKK acceleration

A

linear

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9
Q

Linear acceleration =

A

head velocity along a straight line

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10
Q

main purpose of vestibular mechanism is to

A

maintain visual eye fixation

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11
Q

Doll’s Head Response

A

Eyes fixated on a spot and will move in a direction opposite to head movement

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12
Q

Utricle and saccule togethere detect

A

the direction of gravity

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13
Q

visual input travels through what tract?

A

medial fasciculus tract

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14
Q

Perception of Motion is the

A

ability to differentiate the movement in the environment from one’s self

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15
Q

INput from 6 things allows smooth pursuit to occur

A

cerebellul, extra ocular eye muscles, cervico-mechano receptors, vestibular apparatus, retina, cervical muscles

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16
Q

saccade allows

A

the ability to focus the eye on an object of interest

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17
Q

explain the effect whip lash has on blurry vision

A

whip lash affects the cervical spine, and the CNS uses cervical muscles to intitiate and brake the head/neck movements

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18
Q

cervico occular reflex

A

maintains eye fixation with neck movement

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19
Q

Vistibulo occular reflex

A

maintains eye posi tion with movement of the head

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20
Q

Unilateral or bilateral have increase dizziness?

A

unilateral due to an imbalance b/t the two vestibular systems.

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21
Q

Proprioception

A

the sense of position, posture, and movement

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22
Q

Largest abundance of mechanoreceptors in the spine located?

A

upper cervical vertebrae

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23
Q

The highest concentration of mechanoreceptors is located in what area of a muscle spindle?

A

belly

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24
Q

Muscle mechanoreceptors respond to what changes within the tissue

A

muscle lengthening

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25
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs are located ?

A

in the junctions of muscles and their tendons

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26
Q

mUscle spindles action=

A

maintain tone and tension in muscles on oppo sides of a joint

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27
Q

golgi tendon action=

A

exert inhibitory effect on contraction of the muscle fibers

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28
Q

Type I mechanoreceptors located in what joints?

A

proximal jts

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29
Q

What is the job of type 1 mechanoreceptors?

A

signal the angle of joint throughout ROM and provide info to determine postural tonic mscl contractions

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30
Q

What is the job of type 2 nerve endings?

A

Provide info about the position of the joint and provide info to activate the phasic muscle actions

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31
Q

Where are type 2 nerve endings located?

A

distal mscls

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32
Q

Job of Type III mechanoreceptors

A

high threshold receptors that are only activated when a high joint stress occurs at end range and provide protection function like GTO

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33
Q

JOb of type IV receptors

A

free nerve endings in ligaments, capsules, fat pads that respond to pain stimuli and generate intense, motor responses in all muscles, protecting and restricting ROM

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34
Q

Engram

A

an appropriate neurologic programming facilitating optimal motor patterns

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35
Q

Motor Moron is someone who

A

has difficulty performing neutral pelvis and lumbar stabilization iexercises

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36
Q

Purpose of pertrubations

A

to increase the speed of contraction and body’s reflex response

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37
Q

Describe the muscles responsible for static stability

A

postural muscles composed of red fibers that are found in the deep layers of the neck, spoine, ribs, pelvis

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38
Q

How are red muscle fibers (core stabilizers) related to white phasic muscles?

A

they offere stablity so that the white fiber torque muscles can provide power thorughout movelment

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39
Q

INtrinsic stabilizer muscles

A

muscles that attach directly to the lumbar vertebrae and provide structural stability a segment

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40
Q

Examples of intrinsic stabilizer mscls include

A

psoas, QL, oblique, rapezius, Lats, Transversus,

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41
Q

Torque Producers

A

muscles that produce enought torque to produce movement

42
Q

torque producer muscles include:

A

ERector spoinae, Recut abdominis, external obliques, mid and lower traps, and QL

43
Q

What area of the body has a high level of proprioceptor receptors?

A

upper cervical

44
Q

What area of the muscle spindle has the highest concentration of mechanoreceptors?

A

belly

45
Q

muscle spindle mechanoreceptors respond to

A

change in mscl length.

46
Q

Concentric = BLANKKK, Isometric=BLANKKK,

Eccentric=BLANKKK

A

Concentric=acceleration
Isometric=stabilization
Eccentric=Deceleration

47
Q

WHat is the goal of sensorimotor training?

A

The goal is to integrate peripheral function with central nervous system programming

48
Q

Posture

A

position of the body, relative arrangement of body parts, or charactertistic manner of bearing one’s body

49
Q

Good Posture

A

state of muscular and skeletal balance that protects sturcture of body against injury while working and muscles functiona nd visceral organs function most efficiently

50
Q

Postural fault

A

body parts position that produces increased strain on supporting structures and less efficent balance of body over its base of support

51
Q

Adaptive shortness

A

tendency for shortened muscle to remain in shortened position

52
Q

stretch weakness

A

weakness of muscle from remaining in a lengethened condition beyond their neurtal physiolgocial resting position

53
Q

tight weakness

A

muscles kept in a habitually shortened position lose their elasticity and test strong only in shortened position, not lengthened!

54
Q

Active insufficiency

A

muscle which shortens over 2+ joints reaches a length at which it can no longer generate useful force

55
Q

Active insufficiency applies to what muscles

A

muscles that cross 2 joints ONLY

57
Q

Passive insufficiency

A

When full ROM is limited by muscles length more than ligaments

58
Q

Postural pain syndrome

A

is pain due to mechanical stress when maintaining faulty posture for prolonged time

59
Q

Postural dysfunction

A

adaptive shortening and muscle weakness form prolonged poor posture, contracutre, or adhesions during tissue healing

60
Q

How does the gravitational line lie in relation to the ankle

A

anterior to ankle joint

61
Q

ankle gains stability through

A

soleus and plantar flexors

62
Q

how does gravitation line lie in relation to knee?

A

anterior, keeps knee in extension

63
Q

With knee fully extended, what muscles keep knee stable?

A

NONE!

64
Q

with knee flexed what muscles keep knee stable?

A

quads, line moves posterior ot knee joint

65
Q

when gravitational line passes posterior to hip AOM, what happens?

A

pelvic tilt

66
Q

When line passes posteriorly, what is provided to keep the hip joint stable?

A

iliofemoral ligament

67
Q

when line passes anteriorly what is requrired to maintain stability?

A

glutes/hip extensors

68
Q

what muscles provide stability when gravity line shifts to sides of a vertebral body?

A

contralateral muscles

69
Q

gravitational line should travel through what area of the upper cervical/skull?

A

anterior to CO -C1

70
Q

what muscles contract to keep the head balanced?

A

posterior cervical muscles

71
Q

what structure keeps the motion of the head in control in full FLEXION

A

ligamentum nuchae

72
Q

Differences b/t phasic and postural muscles (8 differences)

A

capillary network, treatment, responses to dysfunction, energy metabolism, fuel source, fatigueability, metabolic processes, and speed of contraction

73
Q

signs of transverse abdominis being lengthened or inhibited

A

navel out

74
Q

overactivity of hamstrings in distal 1/3=

A

weak glutes

75
Q

shoulder stabilizers weak=

A

abduction, elvation, winging of scap

76
Q

Adductor notch” may suggest what pathology?

A

hypertonicity of short adductors distally and a hip dysfunction/pathology

77
Q

external rotation of the leg suggest what muscle is tightended?

A

piriformis

78
Q

scapular protraction of the medial border or winging suggests?

A

weak SA, tight pecs, tight upper traps, and levator,

79
Q

Very prominent TL erectors=

A

weak abs, weak glutes, tight psoas, tight erectors

80
Q

rotation of pelvis could be assoc. w what mscls?

A

QL, hamstrings, jt dysfunction, tight iliopsosas

81
Q

palm facing posteriorly may indicate what dysfun.

A

tight interanal rotators

82
Q

positive test in the trunk curl up=

A

feet come off the ground indicating a tight ilipsoas and abs

83
Q

what is a posititve test for push up

A

scapula winging to test shoulder girdle stability

84
Q

hip abduction positive test

A

looking for hip hiking, extern rotation, pelvis shaking,

85
Q

purpose of hip abduction test

A

hip joint mobility, pelvis stability, glut med weakness, QL hyperactivity, TFL, psoas, adductor piriformis too active

86
Q

Head flexion purpose/pos test

A

chin juts forward/shakes, helps ID weak neck flexors and tight SCM

87
Q

shoulder abduction positive test

A

shoulder hiking, upper trap contraction before 60 degrees of abduction indicating abnormal G/H translation

88
Q

layered syndrome

A

alternating hypertrophy then hypotrophy as you move superior to inferior

89
Q

Describe the effect exercise can have on stopping the progression of scoliosis

A

Exercise alone will not halt the progression of or correct moderate/severe scoliosis but may help with mild idiopathic scolisos

90
Q

How do you exercise a scoliosis curve?

A

stretch the short concave muscles, and strengthen the elongated convex side

91
Q

spinal bracing should be used for curves that are greater than BLANKK degrees

A

40 degrees

92
Q

Spinal bracing can also be used for curves that are BLANKK degrees and if progression is blank in one year and there is at lest one year of growth remaining

A

curves 25-40 if progression is >5 degrees in one year and there is at least one year of growth remaining

93
Q

THe major goal of bracing is to

A

prevent progression of a curve or give some permanent correction and stabilization

94
Q

Most common form of treatment for scolisosis is a combo of

A

millwaukee brace and daily exercises for mild to moderate scolisosis with 2 years of growth remaining

95
Q

Which type of brace uses a concept of dynamic correction?

A

milwaukee brace

96
Q

The milwaukee brace is worn for how long?

A

23-24 hrs a day for several years until full skeletal maturity

97
Q

milwaukee brace is recommended for curves located in the BLANKK spine where as boston is good for BLANKK curves

A

milwaukee=upper thoracic

boston= below T8, lumbar

98
Q

components of copes brace

A

brace, exercise, manipulation, electrical stimulation, heel lifts, nutrition, oculovestibular training

99
Q

main afferent proprioceptive influence of sensorimotor training ocmes from what receptors (3 areas)

A

foot, SI, and deep neck muscles

100
Q

Poor balance is associated with

A

low back pain

101
Q

prupose of a functional capacity evaluation

A

gives objective info for prescribing treatment and monitioring results

102
Q

indications for FCE

A

subacute, 6-8 weeks since injury, treatment plateaus, difficulty returning to employment,

103
Q

normal ROM for knee flexion flexibility test

A

140-150 degrees of knee flexion

Clinical Pathology (10 decks)

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