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A&P 2 > Pt 3 of Test 2 > Flashcards

Pt 3 of Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. O2 and CO2 exchange between blood and air (aerobic resp)
  2. speech and vocalizations
  3. sense of smell
  4. pH of body fluids by eliminating CO2
  5. blood pressure from vasoconstrictor angiotensin II
  6. pressure gradients and flow of lymph and venous blood
  7. breath-holding helps expel abdominal contents during urination, defecation, and childbirth (valsalva maneuver) can restart heart rate
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2
Q

what are the 4 parts of the upper respiratory tract

A
  1. nasal cavity
  2. pharynx
  3. glottis
  4. larynx
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3
Q

what are the 5 parts of the lower respiratory tract

A
  1. trachea
  2. bronchus
  3. bronchioles
  4. lungs
  5. diaphragm
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4
Q

what does the nasal cavity do

A

filters, warms, and moistens air

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5
Q

what does the pharynx do

A

passage way where pathways for air and food cross (has 3 parts!)

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6
Q

what does the glottis do

A

space between the vocal chords, opening to larynx

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7
Q

what does the larynx do

A

voice box. produces sound

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8
Q

what does the trachea do

A

wind pipe. passage of air into bronchi

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9
Q

what does the bronchus do

A

passage of air to lungs

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10
Q

what does the bronchioles do

A

passage of air to alveoli

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11
Q

what do the lungs do

A

contains ALVEOLI (air sacs). carries out gas exchange!!!!

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12
Q

what does the diaphragm do

A

skeletal muscle; functions in ventilation. muscular to pull air in

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13
Q

what is the pathway air takes as it comes into our systems

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli

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14
Q

what are exchanged in gas exchange of the alveoli and what is this process dependent on

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide. dependent on diffusion

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15
Q

what are the 3 main functions of the nose

A
  1. warms, cleanses and humidifies inhaled air
  2. detects odors in the airstream
  3. serves as a resonating chamber for voice
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16
Q

what does the nose consist of that help warm air

A

hairs, mucous, LOTS OF CAPILLARY BEDS

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17
Q

what are the 3 parts of the pharynx

A
  1. naso
  2. oro
  3. laryngo
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18
Q

what does the pharynx contain

A

throat, has tonsils

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19
Q

what part of the upper respiratory tract is pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

upper part such as the naso portion of the pharynx

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20
Q

what part of the upper respiratory tract has stratified squamous epithelium

A

oro and laryngo of the pharynx (must be tough to make room for food and not be damaged)

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21
Q

what is the naso cavity sealed by

A

the uvula

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22
Q

what does the larynx contain

A
  1. hyaline cartilage (tough) very cartilaginous.
  2. epiglottis (elastic cartilage- flexible)
  3. contains vocal cords
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23
Q

what is nasal fossae of the nasal cavity

A

right and left halves of the nasal cavity

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24
Q

what is the nasal cavity divided by

A

nasal septum

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25
Q

what does pseudostratified columnar epithelium contain and what can it produce

A

cilia and can produce mucous

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26
Q

the nasal cavity has 3 folds (nasal conchae) also known as turbinates, what are the 3 called

A
  1. superior nasal conchae
  2. middle nasal conchae
  3. inferior nasal conchae
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27
Q

what is a meatus of the nasal cavity that each turbinate contains

A

narrow air passage beneath each concha

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28
Q

what does the meatus help do in each concha

A

narrowness and turbulence ensure that most air contacts mucous membranes. cleans, warms, and moistens air

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29
Q

what does olfactory epithelium do in the nasal cavity

A

detects odors.
- covers small area of the roof of the nasal fossa and adjacent parts of the septum and superior conchae
- ciliated pseudo columnar epithelium with goblet cells
- immobile cilia to bind to odorant molecules

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30
Q

what type of tissue does pseudostratified columnar epithelium have and what does it do to keep epithelium from being damaged or overly dry

A

erectile tissue. it makes one side of the nose swell with blood and switches every 30-60 mins. allowing engorged side time to recover from drying.

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31
Q

what does the trachea do

A

connects the larynx with the primary bronchi

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32
Q

what is a main structure of the trachea

A

-cartilaginous C shaped “rings”
- lined with cilia and mucous

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33
Q

what does the bronchial tree consist of

A

-bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli (large surface area)

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34
Q

why does the trachea need pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

so nothing destroys esophagus when swallowing

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35
Q

what does the lungs consist of; how much lobes does each side have>

A

right lung has 3 lobes, left lung has 2 lobes

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36
Q

why does the left side of the lung have a notch in it

A

it is where the heart sits ish

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37
Q

what do the 16-20 rings of hyaline cartilage do in the trachea

A

-allow the head to turn
-allow for air movement without collapse (helps hold it open as you breathe)
- swallowing food

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38
Q

what is a tracheostomy (trach)

A

to make a temporary opening in the trachea inferior to the larynx and insert a tube to allow airflow. prevents asphyxiation due to upper airway obstruction (like the smoking button)

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39
Q

discuss the mucociliary escalator

A

when there is debris in the air that we are breathing this helps the trachea and respiratory system stay clean of debris. if any debris does get caught the cilia areas push the debris up and out of the respiratory tract. the mucous from goblet cells in pseudostrat epithelium traps particles and the cilia moves it up and out.

40
Q

what happens to the mucociliary tract when someone smokes

A

cilia become paralyzed and dont run material up and out

41
Q

discuss the lungs in general

A

they are crowded by adjacent organs and do not fill the entire ribcage and are not symmetrical. they have visceral and parietal pleura with serous fluid that allow lungs to expand and contract without building friction

42
Q

what is pleurisy

A

inflammation of pleural membranes due to friction

43
Q

describe the right lung

A

shorter than left, has 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior) which are separated by horizontal and oblique fissure

44
Q

why exactly is the right lung shorter than left even though the left has a cardiac notch and only 2 lobes

A

because the liver rises higher on it

45
Q

describe the left lung

A

taller and narrower because the heart tilts towards the left and occupies more space on this side of the mediastinum. Has cardiac notch for heart has 2 lobes- superior and inferior separated by single oblique fissure

46
Q

describe the different between left and right lung

A

right= short, 3 lobe, oblique & horizontal fissure (pushed up by liver)

left= tall, narrow, 2 lobe, oblique fissure (cardiac notch)

47
Q

what is the bronchial tree

A

a branching system of air tubes in each lung (from main bronchus to terminal bronchioles)

48
Q

what are the 3 parts of the bronchial tree

A
  1. main (primary) bronchi (supported by C-shape hyaline cartilage rings)
  2. lobar (secondary) bronchi (supported by crescent-shape cartilage plates)
  3. segmental (tertiary) bronchi (supported by crescent-shaped cartilage plates)
49
Q

describe what makes up the bronchial tree from bottom up

A

2 tertiary bronchi make a secondary bronchi. 2 secondary bronchi make a primary bronchi. 2 primary bronchi make the trachea

50
Q

why is it important for alveoli to have large surface area

A

to have more space for all the breathing and gas exchange

51
Q

what type of tissue do alveoli have

A

simple squamous epithelium

52
Q

what type of mechanism do alveoli use to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the respiratory and bloodstrean

A

a simple diffusion mechanism (each alveolus surrounded by a basket of blood capillaries supplied by the pulmonary artery) very thin layer to pass thru

53
Q

what is the respiratory membrane

A

barrier between the alveolar air and blood

54
Q

what is the pulmonary surfactant

A

reduces surface tension at the air-water interface, preventing collapse. alevoli have fluid coating internally and surfactant is there so that when you exhale, you cant collapse alveoli and prevents closing and sticking together.

55
Q

what are the 2 ways that breathing is controlled

A
  1. nervous control
  2. chemical control
56
Q

what is the nervous control of breathing and what 2 things regulate it

A

the respiratory control center in the brain (MEDULLA OBLONGATA) sends out nerve impulses to contract muscle for inspiration (this happens 12-16 times per minute and is regulated by the PONS)
- MEDULLA OBLONGATA AND PONS controls inspiration and how many a minute

57
Q

what is thought to occur when the respiratory control center of nervous control stops sending out nerve signals

A

SIDS- sudden infant death syndrome

58
Q

what is the chemical control of breathing

A

-driven by CO2
- 2 sets of chemoreceptors sense the drop in pH: one set is in the brain stem and the other in the circulatory system
- both are sensitive to carbon dioxide levels that change blood pH due to metabolism
** when body has too much CO2, blood becomes acidic which then pH sensors pick up in midbrain and stimulate for breathing

58
Q

what is the carbon dioxide transport of chemical control equation

A

H+ + HCO3- yields H2CO3

59
Q

neural control of breathing is unconscious cycle of breathing that is controlled by 3 pairs of respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and pons. what are these 3 pairs and which ones belong to what

A

MEDULLA OBLONGATA
1. Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)
2. Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)
PONS
3. Pontine Respiratory Group (PRG)

60
Q

what is the ventral respiratory group (VRG) of medulla oblongata control of breathing

A

-primary generator of the respiratory rhythm
-inspiratory neurons in quiet breathing (eupnea) fire for about 2 seconds (these signals sent down phrenic and intercost nerves=inspiration)
- expiratory neurons= around 3 seconds allowing inspiratory muscles to relax (elastic recoil of thoracic cage expels air from lungs)
- produces a respiraoty rhythm of 12 breaths per minute

61
Q

what is inspiration

A

signals sent down phrenic and intercost nerves

62
Q

does expiration or inspiration take longer

A

expiration (relaxing) takes a little longer than inspiration (breathe in)

63
Q

what is the dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

A

-receives influences from external sources
- modifies the rate and depth of breathing

64
Q

what is the pontine respiratory group (PRG)

A

-modifies rhythm of the VRG by outputs to both the VRG and DRG
- adapts breathing to special circumstances such as sleep, exercise, vocalization, and emotional responses

65
Q

where does voluntary control over breathing originate from

A

motor cortex of frontal lobe of the cerebrum

66
Q

how does voluntary control over breathing work

A

motor cortex of frontal lobe of cerebrum sends impulses down corticospinal tracts to respiratory neurons in spinal cord, bypassing brainstem (resp centers)

67
Q

what are the limits to voluntary control

A

breaking point: when CO2 levels rise to a point when automatic controls override one’s will (brain will override and make you breathe)

68
Q

what are the 2 phases of breathing/ventilation

A
  1. inspiration
  2. expiration
69
Q

what is inspiration

A

an active process of inhalation that brings air into the lungs

70
Q

explain the process of inspiration

A
  1. the diaphragm (2/3rds) and intercostal muscles contract and pulls air in
  2. the diaphragm flattens and the rib cage moves upward and outward
  3. volume of thoracic cavity and lungs increase
  4. air pressure within the lungs decreases
  5. air flows into the lungs
    (decrease pressure= pulls air in)
70
Q

what is expiration

A

a typically passive process of exhalation: expels air from the lungs

71
Q

explain the process of expiration

A
  1. the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
  2. diaphragm moves upward and becomes dome-shaped
  3. rib cage moves downward and inward
  4. volume of thoracic cavity and lungs decreases
  5. air pressure in lungs increases
  6. air flows out of lungs
72
Q

what does it mean to have the breath knocked out of you

A

like a punch, shock and sends diaphragm into spasm (lose 2/3rds of breathing)

73
Q

what is tidal volume

A

small amount of air that usually moves in and out with each breath (normal)

74
Q

what is inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume

A

the increased volume of air moving in or out of the body ( deep breaths)

75
Q

what is vital capacity

A

maximum volume of air that can be moved in plus the maximum amount that can be moved out during one breath (inspiratory + expiratory in one breath)- higher in healthy people or athletes

76
Q

what is residual volume of breathing

A

air remaining in the lungs after exhalation (so you dont just collapse the lungs after a deep breath out)

77
Q

what is gas transport

A

the process of carrying gases from the alveoli to the systemic tissues and vice versa

78
Q

what is the exchange of gases dependent on

A

diffusion

79
Q

explain oxygen transport

A

98.5% of oxygen is bound to hemoglobin and a small portion is dissolved in plasma O2 goes in

80
Q

explain carbon dioxide transport

A

70% is at bicarbonate ion, 23% bound to hemoglobin, 7% in plasma CO2 goes outh

81
Q

how is bicarbonate made for CO2 transport what is the catlyst that is used

A

carbonic anhydrase in RBC is used to catalyze Co2+H2O to H2CO3 to HCO3 + H+

82
Q

enzyme converting CO2 into cabonic acid bicarb?

A

carbonic anhydrase

83
Q

why is carbon monoxide bad

A

burning of gas in a bad way. high affinity for hemoglobin more than oxygen and can prevent you from breathing

84
Q

what is external respiration

A

O2 diffusing into blood from outside.
- exchange of gases between the lung alveoli and the blood capillaries
- Pco2 is higher in the lung capillaries than the air, thus CO2 diffuses out of the plasma into the lungs
- partial pressure pattern for O2 is the opposite, so O2 diffuses into the RBCs in the lungs and CO2 diffuses out

85
Q

what is internal respiration

A

releasing CO2 as byproduct
- exchange of gases between the blood in the capillaries outside of the lungs and tissue fluid
- Po2 is higher in the capillaries than the tissue fluid, thus O2 diffuses out of the blood into the tissues. opposite for CO2 (SYSTEMIC)

86
Q

do you think that O2 diffuses across the respiratory membrane than Co2?

A

no, because equal amounts are exchanged, however CO2 is 20 times as soluble as O2 so it difuses and moves much faster than O2

87
Q

what are the 4 upper respiratory tract infections

A
  1. sinusitis
  2. otitis media
  3. tonsillitis
  4. laryngitis
88
Q

what is sinusitis

A

blockage of sinuses

89
Q

what is otitis media

A

infection of the middle ear

90
Q

what is tonsillitis

A

inflammation of the tonsils

91
Q

what is laryngitis

A

infection of the larynx that leads to loss of voice

92
Q

what is lung cancer

A

uncontrolled cell division in the lungs that is often caused by smoking that can lead to death

93
Q

what sex dies more from lung cancer each year

A

more women than men (they die more from this than breast cancer too)

94
Q
A

A&P 2 (6 decks)

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