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A&P 2 > Pt 3 of Test 1 > Flashcards

Pt 3 of Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the smallest blood vessels of the body and are critical exchange areas

A

capillaries

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2
Q

What pumps blood away from the heart

A

arteries (afferent)

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3
Q

what pumps blood toward the heart

A

veins (efferent)

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4
Q

what are arterioles and what do they do

A

small arteries that regulate blood pressure

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5
Q

what are capillaries

A

microscopic vessels between arterioles and venules

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6
Q

why are capillaries so small

A

to increase their surface area for better exchange

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7
Q

What do the capillaries form where exchange with body cells occurs

A

beds of vessels

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8
Q

what are venules

A

small veins that receive blood from the capillaries

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9
Q

what is the size of the lumen/wall of veins and why that way

A

large lumen diameter with skinny thin walls to store blood on its way back to the heart. because it is at low pressure

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10
Q

what is the size of the lumen/wall of arteries and why that way

A

small lumen/inside with a thick wall to withstand the high pressure

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11
Q

what are veinous valves

A

part of the veins that capture blood and prevent backflow (arteries do not have valves)

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12
Q

order of how materials travel to exchange what is needed

A

arteries– arterioles– capillaries/beds– venules– veins

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13
Q

what are the 3 layers of the structure of blood vessels

A
  1. tunica interna (intima)
  2. tunica media
  3. tunica externa (adventitia)
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14
Q

what is the tunica interna (intima)

A

innermost layer/direct contact with blood, has endothelium

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15
Q

what is so special about the endothelium in tunica interna (intima)

A

it is slippery to decrease the friction within blood flow

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16
Q

what is the tunica media

A

middle layer; contains smooth muscle which is vasoconstriction (lumen gets smaller) and vasodilation (lumen gets larger)

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17
Q

what is the tunica externa (adventitia)

A

outermost layer; has collagen fibers which hold things together for protection and anchoring.

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18
Q

what is the vasa vasorum in the tunic externa (adventitia)

A

network of tiny vessels that nourish the tunica externa

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19
Q

what are layers of blood vessel walls

A

tunics

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20
Q

what is the inner, blood-containing space

A

lumen

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21
Q

what are elastic arteries

A

closest to heart, highest pressure, thick wall, has CONSTANT FLOW because elastic nature allows blood to pump in a line from systolic and diastolic pressure (expansion and retraction in response to blood from heart)

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22
Q

what are muscular arteries

A

deliver blood to organs, and most arteries. smooth muscle. vasoconstriction and vasodilation (better at constriction)

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23
Q

what do arterioles do

A

delivers blood to capillary beds within tissues. determining where blood goes/flow

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24
Q

what do capillaries do

A

site of exchange between blood and tissues. made of beds allow RBCs to travel in single file. PERICYTES spider shaped cells stabilize capillary wall

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25
Q

what is the order of arteries and capillaries in order from thickest diameter to smallest

A

elastic (thickest of all arteries), muscular (thickest tunica media), arterioles (smallest diameter of all arteries) capillaries (walls consist only of tunica interna lumen diameter allows only for single file)

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26
Q

what are the 3 types of capillaries

A
  1. continuous
  2. fenestrated
  3. sinusoidal
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27
Q

what is continuous capillaries

A

very few gaps in between them. all cells have tight junctions here. occurs continuously and quickly. very little movement. contains intercellular cleft and pinocytoic vesicles. fastest

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28
Q

what is the intercellular cleft in continuous capillaries

A

small gaps between tight junctions

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29
Q

what are pinocytotic vesicles in continuous capillaries

A

shuttle materials through cell membrane

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30
Q

what is fenestrated capillaries

A

have pores and gaps. small openings allowing for movement of fluid of higher weight through tissue slower than continuous but still fast.

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31
Q

what are sinusoisal capillaries

A

leaky!! capillaries with later intercellular clefts. super open, lots of free movement in and out of capillary. large molecules allowed to pass. found in bone marrow. often have KUPFFER CELLS (special macrophages) slowest blood flow

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32
Q

what are capillary beds usually supplied by

A

single metarteriole (vascular shunt)- arterioles can crack open flow into capillary beds (where blood moves single file)

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33
Q

what is the thoroughfare channel of capillary beds

A

metarteriole that continues through capillary bed to venule

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34
Q

what is precapillary sphincters of capillary beds

A

control which beds are well perfused

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35
Q

what happens in vasodilation and capillaries

A

when sphincters are open, the capillaries are well perfused with blood and engage in exchanges in tissues (increases flow)

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36
Q

what happens in vasoconstriction of capillaries

A

when sphincters are closed, little to no blood flow occurs (decreases flow)

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37
Q

There is not enough blood in the body to fill all capillaries at once so what happens instead

A

3/4 of body’s capillaries are shut down at a given time

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38
Q

Exchange at the capillaries process

A

capillary bed inflates with pressure where fluid (not blood cells because they cannot leave capillaries) flow out of capillary. when pressure decreases fluid goes back into capillary bed. little fluid that is left behind is picked up by lumphatic capillary beds that becomes lymph and sends back to cardiovascular network

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39
Q

what are venules of the venous system

A

from convergence of capillaries, small veins, highly porous and WBCs freely move across walls

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40
Q

What are veins of the venous system

A

convergence of venules. most of blood is found here. 3 tunics and walls thinner and lumen larger than arteries. large lumens provide little resistance to blood flow.

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41
Q

what are venous valves of the venous system

A

of tunica intima (similar to semlunar valves of heart)

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42
Q

what are capacitance vessels (blood reservoirs)

A

contain up to 65% of blood supply- the veins

43
Q

what 4 things can you use to monitor circulatory efficiency

A
  1. vital signs
  2. pulse (around 70) palpitations of arteriole network
  3. radial pulse
  4. pressure points- where arteries are close to body surface
44
Q

what is blood flow

A

volume of blood flowing through a vesse, organ, or entire circulation in a given period. ex for entire vascular system= cardiac output.

45
Q

what is resistance

A

opposition to flow. friction the blood encounters as it passes through vessels

46
Q

what is blood pressure.

A

generated by heart. force per unit area exerted by blood on a vessel wall. typically refers to arterial blood pressure in aorta and its branches (would not want to measure this in the veins low BP because blood flows from high to low pressure

47
Q

what is the equation of blood flow

A

Blood flow: Blood pressure gradient/ Resistance (R)

48
Q

the greater the pressure difference between 2 points, the _______ the flow

A

greater

49
Q

the greater the resistance the _______ the flow

A

less

50
Q

what generates blood flow

A

heart pumping

51
Q

pressure results when blood flow encounters what

A

resistance

52
Q

What are the 2 main factors that determine arterial blood pressure

A
  1. elasticity
  2. volume
53
Q

what is systolic pressure

A

blood is forced out of the left ventricle into aorta (pulse pressure) ventricles are contracted

54
Q

what is diastolic pressure

A

aorta recoils (relaxed pressure) ventricles are relaxed (minimum pressure)

55
Q

What is pulse pressure

A

systolic minus diastolic pressure

56
Q

what is the mean arterial pressure (MAP) calculated by

A

diastolic pressure + pulse pressure/3

57
Q

why high blood pressure bad

A

it wears out the elasticity of the artieral network

58
Q

what are the 3 factors that determine blood pressure

A
  1. cardiac output
  2. blood volume
  3. resistance
59
Q

what is cardiac output

A

volume of blood flowing through the entire vascular system

60
Q

what is blood volume

A

amount of blood in the body

61
Q

what is resistance

A

friction blood enctouners as it moves through vessels in the systemic circulation.

62
Q

what 3 things does resistance depend on>

A
  1. blood viscosity (thickness of blood)
  2. blood vessel length
  3. blood vessel radius (smaller tubes, greater friction)
63
Q

longer vessels have what kind of resistance

A

higher

64
Q

vasoconstriction allows for more or less resistance

A

more resistance

65
Q

vasodilation allows for more or less resistance

A

less

66
Q

from aorta to capillaries, blood velocity does what

A

decreases (because right out of aorta is high pressure)

67
Q

are veins larger than capillaries

A

yes

68
Q

what is the main killer of blood flow and volume

A

arterioles

69
Q

5 mechanisms of veinous return

A
  1. pressure gradient
  2. gravity
  3. skeletal muscle pumping
  4. thoracic (respiratory) pump
  5. cardiac suction
70
Q

what is veinous return

A

flow of blood back to the heart

71
Q

what is pressure gradient veinous return

A

most important force ini venous return

72
Q

what does gravity do in veinous return

A

drains blood from head and neck

73
Q

what does skeletal muscle pump in veinous return do

A

in the limbs, contracting muscle squeezed out of the compressed part of the vein

74
Q

what is cardiac suction

A

expanding atrial space (when heart relaxes and atria squeezes blood into ventricles and then relaxes, relaxing sucks blood into them)

75
Q

what do vasomotor centers control

A

regulate blood vessel diameter

76
Q

increased sympathetic activity leads to what

A

vasoconstriction leads to increased blood pressure

77
Q

decreased sympathetic activity leads to what

A

vasodilation leads to decreased blood pressure

78
Q

what are the 3 vasomotor reflexes

A
  1. baroreceptor (stretch)
  2. chemoreceptor (pH!!!)
  3. higher brain centers (osmolaroty, temp, etc, hypothalamus)
79
Q

What are the 3 main hormonal controls of blood pressure=

A
  1. aldosterone
  2. antidiuretic hormone
  3. atrial natriuretic hormone
80
Q

what is aldosterone

A

salt retaining hormone. body retains NaCl and water. helps maintain blood volume and pressure. keeps water in kidneys so increased blood vol increases pressure

81
Q

what is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

make collecting duct more permeable to water. LESS URINE OUTPUT. causes kidneys to release less water and less urine. so more water is increased BV and increased pressure

82
Q

what is atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)

A

let out by atria in response to high BP. excrete more salt which WATER FOLLOWS causing more urine output. decreases blood vol and dec pressure

83
Q

2 hormones increasing blood vol and pressure

A

aldoesterone, ADH

84
Q

what is autoregulation

A

tissues to regulate their own blood supply, if tissue is not getting adequate blood flow, wastes accumulate stimulating vasodilation which increases flow

85
Q

what are vasoactive chemicals

A

substances secreted by platelets, endothelial cells, etc to stimulate vasomotion

86
Q

what are vasoactive chemicals during trauma, inflammation, and exercise

A

histamine, braykinin, prostaglandins, all stimulate VASODILATION

87
Q

what are vasoactive chemcals naturally in balance locally

A

prostacyclin and nitric oxide (vasodilators), endothelins (vasoconstrictors)

88
Q

what is angiogenesis

A

growth of new blood vessels. typically in tissues with long term hypoxia (occurs in regrowth of uterine lining and malignant tumors

89
Q

what are the 2 types of shock

A
  1. cardiogenic shock
  2. low venous return
90
Q

what is shock

A

any state in which cardiac output is insufficient to meet the body’s metabolic needs

91
Q

what is cardiogenic shock

A

inadequate pumping of heart (MI)

92
Q

what is low venous return shock

A

cardiac output is low because too little blood is returning to the heart

93
Q

what are the 2 types of low venous return shock

A
  1. hypovolemic shock
  2. vascular shock
94
Q

what is the difference in low venous return shock of hypovolemic and vascular shock

A

hypovolemic- most common (loss of blood volume: trauma, burns, dehydration)
vascular- allergic reactions, anaphylactic, histamine, venous pooling, hives, BP crashes

95
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

build up of plaque (sterol) in blood vessels. it increases resistance and blood pressure

96
Q

what is plaque that is stationary in atherosclerosis called

A

thrombus

97
Q

what is it called when a thrombus detaches and can move to distant sites in atherosclerosis

A

embolus

98
Q

what is atherosclerosis associated with

A

stroke, heart attack, aneurysm (prevention is diet low in cholesterol, rich in OMEGA, watch sugar intake)

99
Q

what is hypertension

A

high blood pressure resulting when blood moves through vessels at a rate higher than normal, often due to aterial plaque (over 140/90 mmHg)

100
Q

what is a stroke (cerebrovascular accident)

A

cranial artery is blocked or bursts. part of brain dies due to lack of oxygen. act FAST.

100
Q

what is a silent killer of high blood pressure

A

hypertension, can lead to heart attack, stroke, or kidney failure

101
Q

what is an aneurysm

A

ballooning of a blood vessel and decreases blood flow. can be caused by atherosclerosis or hypertension. fatal when ruptures

102
Q

how are disorders of the blood vessels treated in clogged arteries

A
  1. bypass surgery (vein from leg is taken and used to bypass clogged artery)
  2. stents (wire mesh cylinder inserted into a clogged artery to hold it open)
  3. angioplasty (tube with a balloon is inserted into the clogged area and the balloon is then inflated to open)

A&P 2 (6 decks)

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