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A&P 2 > Pt 1 of Test 1 > Flashcards

Pt 1 of Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main things that blood does?

A
  1. Transport (O2, wastes, hormones, etc)
  2. Protects (clotting and infection)
  3. Regulates (body temp/pH)
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2
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

slightly basic (7.35-7.45ish)

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3
Q

What is the body’s only liquid connective tissue?

A

Blood

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4
Q

Blood is not a typical connective tissue because it lacks…

A

collagen and elastic fibers

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5
Q

What are the 2 main parts of blood?

A
  1. plasma
  2. formed elements
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6
Q

What is plasma?

A

non-living fluid matrix; liquid portion of the blood

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7
Q

What are formed elements? (not the list yet)

A

living blood “cells”

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8
Q

What are the types of formed elements?

A
  1. Erythrocytes
  2. Leukocytes
  3. Platelets
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9
Q

What are the 3 layers of the spun tube of blood?

A

Plasma (top, least dense, 55%)
Buffy coat (leukocytes/platelets, 1%)
Erythrocytes (bottom, most dense, 45%)

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10
Q

What is the hematocrit?

A

The percent of blood volume that is RBCs

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11
Q

What is the hematocrit of females vs males?

A

Females= around 42%
Males= around 47%

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12
Q

Why are Erythrocytes the most dense?

A

They contain hemoglobin

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13
Q

What is plasma mostly composed of

A

Water (90%)

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14
Q

Where does most blood (or plasma) protein come from?

A

Liver

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15
Q

What are the types of plasma proteins?

A
  1. albumins
  2. globulins
  3. fibrinogen
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16
Q

What do albumins do and what about their size/abundance?

A

They are the smallest and most abundant. They contribute to viscosity, osmolarity, influences blood pressure, flow, and fluid balance

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17
Q

What do globulins do?

A

Provide immune system functions and transport (has alpha, beta, and gamma)

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18
Q

What plasma protein group includes antibodies?

A

Globulins

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19
Q

What are Fibrinogens and what do they do?

A

Precursor of fibrin threads that help form blood clots

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20
Q

What are the only cells that are complete cells?

A

WBCs

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21
Q

What do RBCs lack

A

nuclei and organelles (that’s why they are incomplete cells)

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22
Q

What are the cell fragments?

A

Platelets

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23
Q

Timelines of formed elements living in bloodstream

A

RBC- 120 days
Platelets- 8-10 days
WBC- variable (some can last a while)

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24
Q

Where do most blood cells originate from and do they divide to make more?

A

bone marrow and do NOT divide (RBCs renewed by division of cells in the bone marrow)

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25
Q

Sizing of cells

A

RBC- smallest
WBC- largest
Platelets- fragments

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26
Q

Why is it important for RBCs to have large surface area?

A

to exchange gases and other things quickly

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27
Q

How does RBCs generate ATP

A

anaerobically (they do not consume oxygen that they transport)

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28
Q

3 primary functions of RBCs

A
  1. carry O2 from lungs to cell tissues
  2. pick up CO2 from tissues and bring to lungs
  3. Bags of hemoglobin
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29
Q

What can hemoglobin (97% of RBC volume) do?

A

bind reversibly with oxygen

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30
Q

What are the 4 protein chains called that Hemoglobin consists of

A

Globins (2 alpha and 2 beta)

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31
Q

Each chain (globin) of hemoglobin is bound to a ring-like group called

A

heme

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32
Q

What does each heme group contain

A

1 iron atom

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33
Q

each iron atom can bind _______ with ONE molecule of oxygen (which is why hemoglobin can)

A

reversibly

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34
Q

What is hematopoiesis

A

production of blood, especially its formed elements (1 oz of new blood per day)

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35
Q

Hematopoietic stem cell is the same thing as

A

hemocytoblast (cell making)

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36
Q

What are Colony-forming Units (CFU) and what does it mean

A

specialized stem cells only producing one class of formed element of blood (COMMITMENT)

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37
Q

What hormone does CFU respond to and have receptors for and what does it do and what organ does it come from

A

Erythropoietin (EPO) that stimulates for RBC formation, from KIDNEYS

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38
Q

Reticulocyte (stage at which organelles are lost of RBC and only reticulum is left) can help us determine what

A

rate of RBC formation and medical conditions

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39
Q

Why is it important to maintain RBC count

A

to avoid hypoxemia (low O2 environment) or viscosity (too many RBCs)

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40
Q

Explain the negative feedback control of maintaining a constant # of erythrocytes

A

A drop in RBC count causes kidney hypoxia (low O2). Kidney produces EPO will stimulate bone marrow which is site of synthesis of RBC so RBC count will increase in 3-4 days

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41
Q

What are the main stimuli for increasing erythropoiesis

A
  1. hypoxia
  2. high altitude
  3. increase in exercise
  4. loss of lung tissue
  5. testosterone
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42
Q

What are the dietary requirements for erythrypoiesis

A
  1. Iron (need for hemoglobin
  2. Vitamin B12 (make cells mitotically quickly)
  3. Folic Acid (make cells mitotically quickly)
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43
Q

why does iron need to be rid of in the body

A

it is toxic

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44
Q

Explain erythrocyte death and disposal

A

since RBC have no nucleus, they become rigid and fragile. Once they have circulated for about 120 days, they break up in the liver and mainly spleen. The globins are broken down into free amino acids and dumped back into body. Cell fragments are phagocytized. hemoglobin is degraded, iron is removed from heme and recycled, heme degraded to bilirubin which is secreted in bile via liver and eventually converted and lost in feces

45
Q

3 main categories of anemias

A
  1. hemorrhagic anemia
  2. inadequate erythropoiesis
  3. hemolytic anemia
46
Q

what are anemias

A

decrease in blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity (a sign, not the disease itself)

47
Q

what is hemorrhagic anemia

A

blood loss (acute or chronic)

48
Q

what is inadequate erythropoeisis anemia

A

iron or iron absorption (not enough iron), renal anemia (urine)

49
Q

what is hemolytic anemia

A

erythrocytes rupture prematurely (bacterial, parasite infection, sickle cell)

50
Q

what are the 2 nutritional anemias and what do each mean

A
  1. iron-deficiency anemia (insufficient iron ingestion or absorption)
  2. pernicious anemia (problems with B12 vitamin absorption and protein synthesis)
51
Q

3 potential consequences of anemia and what they mean

A
  1. tissue hypoxia (oxygen deprivation, pale skin, SOB)
  2. reduced blood osmolarity (more fluid, edema- swelling of tissues)
  3. reduced blood viscosity (less resistance to blood flow, possible cardiac failure, reduced BP, increased heart rate)
52
Q

what do the glycolipids in outer membrane surface form

A

glycocalyx (sugar coating of cell, enriched by glycolipids and glycoproteins, diverse patterns of sugar distribution to facilitate CELL RECOGNITION)

53
Q

Why do a blood transfusion

A

when you lose up to 30% of blood, you get weak and pallor anemic feelings and can lead to shock

54
Q

what are antigens

A

surface markers used to distinguish self from foreign matter and the foreign antigens generate an immune response

55
Q

what do antigens contain that is the basis for blood typing and can cause clumping

A

agglutinogens (can cause aggluting when reacting with specific antibodies)

56
Q

what are antibodies

A

immunoglobulin that is part of immune system that bind to antigens (that detect foreigners) and mark them for destruction

57
Q

what do antibodies contain that bring about transfusion mismatch

A

agglutinins (they fight off unmatched blood)

58
Q

What happens when transfusing wrong blood type

A

agglutination and clumping which can block small blood vessels and can be deadly

59
Q

Type A blood

A

A antigens, anti-B antibodies

60
Q

Type B blood

A

B antigens, anti-A antibodies

61
Q

Type AB blood

A

A & B antigens, no antibodies (universal recipient)

62
Q

Type O blood

A

no antigens, anti-A & anti-B antibodies (universal donor)

63
Q

Rh dictates what

A

positive or negative (if you have the protein youre positive, if not youre negative)

64
Q

Explain hemolytic disease in pregnancy with Rh

A

if Rh- mother has fetus of Rh+ it can cause complications with the 2nd child due to the mother developing antibodies to fight off Rh+. Rh- women are given injection of anti-Rh antibodies after first baby (RHOGAM) to prevent antibodies from forming

65
Q

What is erythropoietic porphyria

A

genetic disease preventing production of heme (RBCs cant carry oxygen without it)

66
Q

what do WBCs do

A

combat diseases derived from bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxins

67
Q

Where are WBCs located

A

outside of blood in tissues

68
Q

What are the 2 ways WBCs travel through tissues

A
  1. diapedesis (travel out of capillary into tissues- inflammatory response)
  2. amoeboid motion (triggered by chemical cues released by damaged cells- pick up chem trail and chase and destroy it) *positive chemotaxis
69
Q

What are the 2 types of WBCs

A
  1. Granulocytes
  2. Agranulocytes
70
Q

what are the type of granulocytes

A
  1. Neutrophil
  2. eosinophil
  3. basophil
71
Q

what do neutrophils look like and what do they do

A

multi-lobed. most numerous. phagocytize bacteria, release chemicals, bacteria infection if numbers go up here

72
Q

what do eosinophils look like and what do they do

A

2 lobes. horseshoe shape. release parasite-destroying enzymes (tapeworms, pinworms)

73
Q

what do basophils look like and what do they do

A

blob filled in circle. very rare. secretes histamine (allergies), increases blood flow, secretes heparin which prevents blood clotting and gives more mobility

74
Q

What are the agranulocytes

A
  1. lymphocyte
  2. monocyte
  3. macrophage
75
Q

what do lymphocytes look like and do

A

big circles filled up, most in lymph nodes, run WBC and immune response, T/B destroy cells, immune memory

76
Q

what do monocytes look like and do

A

big fluffy pillows and clear, can see some cytoplasm, differentiate into macrophages, very large

77
Q

what do macrophages look like and do

A

spiders stretching out, front line soldiers, phagocytic reaches out and grabs, fight bacteria

78
Q

what is leukopoiesis

A

production of WBC (formed from hemopoietic stem cells)

79
Q

circulating WBC’s do not stay in bloodstream. Granulocytes stay for…, monocytes stay for, lymphocytes stay for

A

granulocytes- leave in 8 hours and live 5 days longer
monocytes- leave in 20 hrs transform into macrophages and live for several years
lymphocytes- provide long-term immunity so several decades, continuously recycled

80
Q

what gives rise to memory cells

A

lymphocytes

81
Q

what is leukemia

A

group of cancers that affect white blood cells in which these cells proliferate without control. body produces WBCs that dont work, new WBCs do not function so infection is an issue

82
Q

acute vs chronic

A

acute- quickly advancing
chronic- slowly advancing

83
Q

what is SCID- severe combined immunodeficiency disease

A

an inherited disease in which stem cells of WBCs lack an enzyme that allows them to fight infection “bubble boy” has WBCs but they are blind- they cannot recognize disease causing agents so cant defend you

84
Q

what are cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes

A

platelets

85
Q

what hormone initiates megakaryocyte formation of platelets

A

thombopoietin

86
Q

what is a megakaryocyte

A

big nucleus looking. cell goes through mitosis multiple times without cytokinesis so cell gets huge

87
Q

how does a megakaryocyte form platelets

A

eventually seals up and creates small fragments which are platelets

88
Q

required factors needed for clotting are

A

calcium, some vitamin K, and reactions, liver based clotting factors

89
Q

Functions of platelets

A
  1. secrete vasoconstrictors that help reduce blood loss
  2. stick together to form platelet plugs to seal small breaks
  3. secrete procoagulants or clotting factors to promote clotting
  4. initiate formation of clot-dissolving enzyme
  5. chemically attract neutrophils and monocyts to sites of inflammation to phagocytize and destory bacteria
  6. secrete growth factors that stimulate mitosis to repair blood vessels
90
Q

what are the 3 main steps of platelets blood clotting- hemostasis

A
  1. vascular spasms
  2. platelet plug formation
  3. fibrin mesh formation (coagulation)
91
Q

what are the detailed steps of platelet blood clotting- hemostasis

A
  1. blood vessel is punctured. vasoconstriction of damaged vessel. the tissue damage exposes collagen fibers to which platelets attach
  2. platelets congregate and form a plug. this happens quickly. preventing blood loss, become activated
  3. clotting factors are released
  4. fibrin formation catalyzed by THROMBIN
  5. fibrin fibers form “mesh” that traps red blood cells
92
Q

what happens during clot retraction (a form of blood clotting healing process)

A

clot is stabilized. actin and myosin in platelets contract within 30-60 mins. contraction pulls on fibrin strands squeezing serum from clot, draws ruptured blood vessel edges together

93
Q

how is the blood vessel healing as clot retraction is occuring

A

platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates division of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to rebuild blood vessel wall; vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates endothelial cells to multiply and restore endothelial lining

94
Q

what are the 2 disorders of hemostasis (blood clotting)

A
  1. thromboembolic disorders
  2. bleeding disorders
95
Q

what are thromboembolic disorders

A

undesirable clot formation

96
Q

what are bleeding disorders

A

abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation

97
Q

what is a thrombus, embolus, and embolism of thromboembolic disorder

A

thrombus- clot that develops & persists in unbroken blood vessel (may block circulation leading to tissue death)
embolus- thrombus freely floating in bloodstream (breaks free of vessel)
embolism- embolus obstructing a vessel (lodges and prevents blood flow)

98
Q

what is an example of a bleeding disorder

A

hemophilia- hereditary- sex linked- mainly in males

99
Q

what is hemophilia

A

struggle to form blood clots and can eventually bleed out

100
Q

on average, about 45% of whole blood is

A

erythrocytes

101
Q

what plasma protein group includes antibodies

A

globulins

102
Q

the hematocrit for an individual shows a value much higher than normal (54%) … they have far too many RBCs, what is the outcome

A

their blood is too thick (viscous) and as a result they might have a stroke

103
Q

what happens if there is less RBCs than normal

A

blood may be too thin and might cause drop in blood pressure and increased heart rate

104
Q

where does most blood protein come from

A

liver

105
Q

hematocytoblasts (hematopoietic stem cells) give rise to

A

platelets, WBCs, and RBCs

106
Q

which of these are likely to live the longest? platelets, eosinophils, basophils, RBCs

A

RBCs (typically longer than WBCs which are the eosinophils and basophils, and platelets)

107
Q

your red blood cells contain hemoglobin. the 4 main protein chains are called heme groups, they surround small ring like globin complexes and each globin houses 1 iron atom which binds to oxygen T/F??

A

False. (protein chains are called globins surrounding heme which houses 1 iron atom that binds oxygen)

108
Q

what organ is the star of the show in terms of removing old RBCs

A

spleen

109
Q

what catalyzes the final clotting reaction, having fibrinogen (soluble in the plasma) begin to polymerize into long fibrin threads which help form a blood clot

A

thrombin

A&P 2 (6 decks)

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