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A&P 2 > Pt 2 of Test 1 > Flashcards

Pt 2 of Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the cardiovascular system include

A

the heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

what is the main function of the cardiovascular system

A

transports materials through blood and helps get rid of wastes. blood is refreshed in the lung, kidneys, intestine, and liver

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3
Q

what type of circulatory system is blood

A

closed circulatory (it is always in vessels)

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4
Q

4 listed functions of the cardiovascular system

A
  1. generate blood pressure (moves blood)
  2. transport blood
  3. exchange of nutrients and wastes at the capillaries
  4. regulate blood flow as needed (vasoconstriction and vasodilation)
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5
Q

what is vasoconstriction

A

narrowing of blood vessels which limits flow

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6
Q

what is vasodilation

A

dilation of blood vessels, larger room, increases flow

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7
Q

where is the heart located

A

in the mediastinum between the lungs

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8
Q

the heart is surrounded by a double-walled sac filled with serous membrane which is called the

A

pericardium

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9
Q

what does the pericardium filled with serosa do

A

allows heart to beat without friction

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10
Q

what is the visceral pericardium

A

inside lining of pericardial cavity covering of heart

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11
Q

what is the parietal pericardium

A

outer covering of the pericardial cavity

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12
Q

Pericardial space located between the visceral and parietal contains what fluid

A

serous

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13
Q

what is pericarditis

A

friction rub, release high levels of fluids making heart not pump blood good.

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14
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

A
  1. epicardium
  2. myocardium
  3. endocardium
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15
Q

what is the epicardium

A

visceral pericardium. blood vessels travel through this layer. outermost of heart wall

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16
Q

what is the myocardium

A

middle layer. muscular layer

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17
Q

what is the endocardium

A

smooth inner lining of heart and blood vessels. SLICK surface, low friction lining

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18
Q

what is so important about the myocardium

A

it is where the muscle spirals around the heart which produces wringing twisty motion

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19
Q

what are the 2 major divisions of the circulatory system and briefly explain each side and which side its with

A
  1. pulmonary circuit (right side)- pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
  2. systemic circuit (left side)- pumps oxygenated blood everywhere else. does way more work. *stronger and higher pressure system
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20
Q

what are the 2 sides of the heart separated by

A

septum

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21
Q

how many chambers are the heart consisted of

A

4 (2 atria and 2 ventricles)

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22
Q

what are the 2 sets of valves of the heart

A
  1. semilunar valves
  2. atrioventricular valves (AV valves)
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23
Q

what makes the lub sound and what makes the dub sound

A

lub- AV valves
dub- semilunar valves (less intense)

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24
Q

what is the comb looking muscle

A

pectinate muscle

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25
Q

what are bits of atria causing sacs

A

auricles

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26
Q

lines in ventricles or meaty columns

A

trabeculae carneae

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27
Q

what attaches to chordae tendinae

A

papillary muscle

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28
Q

what gets tight to prevent backflow

A

chordae tendineae

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29
Q

main parts of flow through the heart

A
  1. inferior and superior vena cava dump into R atrium
  2. R ventricle
  3. pulmonary arteries
  4. lungs- oxygen
  5. pulmonary veins
  6. L atrium
  7. L ventricle
  8. aorta
  9. systemic circuit of body
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30
Q

what is the reason for valves

A

it ensures a one-way flow of blood through the heart (prevents backflow)

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31
Q

what do the AV valves control flow through

A

atria and ventricles

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32
Q

the Right AV valve has how many cusps and what is it called

A

3, tricuspid

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33
Q

the left AV valve has how many cusps and what is it called

A

2, bicuspid or mitral (stronger side)

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34
Q

what does the chordae tedineae do for AV valves

A

cords connect AV valves to papillary muscles on floor of ventricles and ** prevents AV valves from flipping inside out or bulging into atria when ventricles contract

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35
Q

what do semilunar valves control into and why do they open and close

A

great arteries (pulmonary trunk and aorta), they open and close because of blood flow and pressure

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36
Q

where does the pulmonary semilunar valve lie

A

in opening between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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37
Q

where does the aortic semilunar valve lie

A

in opening between left ventricle and aorta

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38
Q

what causes a heart murmur

A

malfunction of valves causing blood to flow weirdly and result in swishing noise aka murmur

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39
Q

what is the pulmonary circuit fed by and what is the pressure type compared to systemic

A

pulmonary- short, low pressure, right ventricle
systemic- long, resistance to blood flow, left ventricle, HIGH pressure= more muscle and thicker walls

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40
Q

arteries vs veins structure

A

arteries are more muscular than veins to withstand higher pressure exerted on them. veins have thinner walls and larger lumen to contain walls. (arteries have larger walls)

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41
Q

when the heart pumps blood what does it go through

A

coronary arteries via coronary circulation (from aorta) which feeds the heart muscle

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42
Q

what is angina pectoris

A

chest pain from partial obstruction of coronary blood flow. causes area to be low in O2 (ischemia) where body feels it as pain

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43
Q

what is coronary thrombosis

A

the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel of the heart (goes with angina pectoris)

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44
Q

what can angina pectoris be solved by

A

stent or open heart surgery/bypass

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45
Q

what is myocardial infarction (MI)

A

heart attack

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46
Q

what happens during MI or heart attack

A

interruption of blood supply to the heart from a blood clot can cause death of cardiac cells within mins. blockage may lead to heart attack

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47
Q

what are some protections from MI

A

arterial anastomoses which provide an alternative route of blood flow (collateral circulation) within the myocardium

48
Q

what are cardiocytes

A

heart muscle cells. striated, short, thick, branched/interconnected cells. one central nucleus

49
Q

cardiocytes contain intercalated discs which do what

A

join cardiocytes end to end. have 3 distinct features. NOT FOUND IN SKELETAL MUSCLE

50
Q

what 3 features are found in intercalated discs

A
  1. interdigitating folds
  2. mechanical junctions
  3. electrical junctions
51
Q

what are interdigitating folds of intercalated discs of cardiocytes

A

folds interlock with each other, and increase surface area of contact

52
Q

what are mechanical junctions of intercalated discs of cardiocytes

A

desmosomes- tightly join cardiocytes

53
Q

what are electrical junctions

A

gap junctions- allow ions to flow between cells; can stimulate neighbors. can link together on chemical basis

54
Q

what does cardiac muscle depend on to make ATP

A

aerobic respiration used to make ATP (needs oxygen!)

55
Q

what is cardiac muscle filled with

A

lots of mitochondria which generate ATP and is really good fatigue resistance

56
Q

how is cardiac muscle fatigue resistant

A

it makes little use of anaerobic fermentation or oxygen debt mechanisms. does not tire for a lifetime

57
Q

the heart is adaptable to what kind of things

A

organic fuels it likes to use to make ATP

58
Q

what is the cardiac conduction system composed of

A

internal pacemaker and nervelike conduction pathways (based on gap junctions) through myocardium

59
Q

the cardiac conduction system allows the heart to do what

A

contract independently (no outside nervous stimulation is needed).

60
Q

the pacemaking cells of heart allow heart to beat independently without

A

brain approval

61
Q

what is the internal control of the cardiac conduction system

A

-the SA (sinoatrial node) in the R atrium initiates the heartbeat and causes the atria to contract – THE PACEMAKER.
-this impulse reaches the AV node, in the R atrium to send a signal down the AV BUNDLE and PURKINJE fibers that causes ventricular contraction
-nervelike processes spread throughout ventricular myocardium (signal passes from cell to cell through gap junctions)

62
Q

what does the SA node signal for in impulse conduction to the myocardium

A

atria to contract in unison (then reaches AV node)

63
Q

after the SA node, in impulse conduction, it reaches the AV node which does what

A

delays signal allowing the ventricles to fill up

64
Q

after the AV node in impulse conduction signals travel through

A

AV bundle and purkinje fibers where entire ventricular myocardium depolarizes and contracts in near unison. this allows papillary muscles to contract an instant earlier than the rest, tightening slack in chordae tendineae to prevent backflow

65
Q

what happens as a result of impulse conduction

A

it causes ventricular depolarization. ventricular relaxation progesses up from apex of heart. spiral arrangement of cardiocytes twists ventricles slightly, like someone wringing out a towel

66
Q

what is a normal blood pressure

A

120/70 (systole/diastole)

67
Q

what is BP controlled by

A

arterioles and the heart

68
Q

what is systole

A

atria contract together followed by ventricles contracting together. pressure during ventricular contraction (max pressure)

69
Q

what is diastole

A

rest phase. when the ventricle chambers relax. it is the leftover pressure between heartbeats (min pressure)

70
Q

what does ECG stand for

A

electrocardiogram

71
Q

what does the ECG measure

A

contractile changes in the heart (electronic changes that take place as heart is beating)

72
Q

explain the ECG

A
  1. P wave- atrial depolarization, initiated by SA node causes P wave
  2. Latent period- after atrial depolarization, impulse is delayed at AV node and begins to fire off
  3. QRS complex- ventricular depolarization begins at apex, causes QRS complex. atrial repolarization is occuring
  4. Latent period- completing contraction. ventricular depolarization is complete
  5. T wave- ventricular repolarization begins at apex, causes T wave
  6. ventricular repolarization is complete
73
Q

what happens during atrial fibrillation

A

heart is quivering, muscles beating all over the place or may stop beating. no defined p, qrs, or t waves.

74
Q

what is ectopic focus (abnormal pacemaker)

A

another part of heart fires before the SA node. may happen after heart attack cause whole heart to depolarize. caused by hypoxia or other things

75
Q

what are premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) caused by

A

stimulants, stress, lack of sleep (improper contractions where heart skips beat and resets)

76
Q

what is atrial fibrillation where the ectopic foci is

A

in atria (beats way too fast)

77
Q

what is arrythmia

A

any abnormal cardiac rhythm (failure of conduction system to transmit signals- heart block where other structures will not get the signal)

78
Q

what is the heartbeat modified by and in what centers

A

by ANS via cardiac centers in medulla oblongata (when the brain does tell the heart what to do)

79
Q

ANS consists of

A

sympathetic- cardioacceleratory, inc heart rate, fight/flight
parasympathetic- cardioinhibitory, drop heart rate, inhibit SA and AV node thru vagus nerves

80
Q

what are baroreceptors

A

stress and strain receptors in aortic arch that picks up stretch of aorta

81
Q

what is the baroreceptor-initiated reflexes when there is increased blood pressure

A
  1. baroreceptors “stretch”
  2. it sends impulses to vasomotor center
  3. inhibits sympathetic “outflow”
  4. decreases cardiac output and decreases resistance
  5. decreases blood pressure back to normal
82
Q

what is the baroreceptor-initiated reflex when there is decreased blood pressure

A
  1. baroreceptors “de-stretch”
  2. send impulses to vasomotor center
  3. increases sympathetic “outflow”
  4. increases cardiac output and increases resistance
  5. increases blood pressure
83
Q

Depolarization is caused by what channels

A

Na+

84
Q

Repolarization is caused by what channels

A

K+

85
Q

order of action potentials

A

depolarization, action potential, repolarization, hyperpolarization, resting

86
Q

the gradual depolarization of SA node is what

A

pacemaker potential

87
Q

each depolarization of the SA node sets off how many heartbeats

A

1

88
Q

what happens in the pacemaker physiology

A

after the heart beats, everything goes back to resting state. the SA node is leaking. more loss of Na+ the more membrane potential is going up. as it reaches -40mV threshold, theres a spike of Ca2+ channels open signaling for contraction. then returns to a resting state done by K+ outlflow (repolarization).

89
Q

Steps of electrical behavior of myocardium

A
  1. depolarization due to Na+ influx
  2. plateau phase due to Ca2+ through slow Ca2+ channels
  3. repolarization is due to Ca2+ channels inactivating and K+ channels opening. K+ efflux brings back to resting state
    ** prevents wave summation & tetanus which would stop the pumping action of the heart
90
Q

what are graded muscle responses

A

variation in strength of stimulation by changing frequency of stimulation

91
Q

what is incomplete tetanus

A

sustained but quivering contraction

92
Q

what is complete tetanus

A

max muscle tension yeilding smooth contraction plateau (if prolonged- fatigue)

93
Q

what are heart sounds called

A

auscultation

94
Q

the lub and dup are sounds associated with what

A

closing of heart valves

95
Q

what is cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

96
Q

what is the equation for cardiac output

A

heart rate (HR) X stroke volume (SV)

97
Q

what is heart rate

A

number of beats per minute

98
Q

what is stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat

99
Q

when does cardiac output increase

A

if either/both stroke volume or heart rate increases

100
Q

what is tachycardia

A

abnormally fast heart rate (if persistant, may lead to fibrillation)

101
Q

what is bradycardia

A

heart rate slower than 60 beats/min usually 75. can end up with not enough blood being circulated. may be desirable result of endurance training

102
Q

what is end diastolic volume (EDV)

A

filled volume of ventricle prior to contraction

103
Q

what is end systolic volume (ESV)

A

residual volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after ejection

104
Q

what is the equation for stroke vole

A

SV= EDV - ESV

105
Q

what are the 3 factors that affect SV

A
  1. contractility
  2. preload
  3. afterload
106
Q

what is contractility of stroke vol

A

contractile strength at given muscle length

107
Q

what increases contractility

A
  1. sympathetic stimulation- increased Ca2+ influx means more cross bridges. heart contracts more strongly more cross bridge crossover= more blood pumped= higher SV and higher Cardiac output
  2. positive inotropic agents (epinenphrine)
108
Q

what is preload

A

degree of stretch of cardiac muscle cells before they contract

109
Q

what are tension-length curves of preload

A

at rest, shorter than optimal length (gives violent compression and pushes blood faster).

110
Q

what is venous return in preload

A

amount of blood returning to heart. (slow heartbeat and exercise increase venous return increases contraction force)

111
Q

what is afterload

A

pressure ventricles must overcome to eject blood (increase SV pressure has heart has to overcome, hypertension increases afterload resulting in increased ESV and reduced SV, overcoming systemic pressure)

112
Q

what is a hormone that makes the pacemaker fire more rapidly

A

norepinephrine (and increases contractility) which increases heart rate, which increases contractility and faster relaxation and makes heart output go up

113
Q

what hormone hyperpolarizes pacemaker cells by opening K+ channels

A

acetylcholine (slows heart rate, little to no affect on contractility, heart at rest exhibits vagal tone)

114
Q

what main hormones increase heart rate and contractility

A

epinephrine from adrenal medulla, and thyroxine enhances NE and E

115
Q

what is congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

progressive condition. CO is so low so circulation cant get oxygen to tissues as quickly as needed. caused by weakening of myocardium. heart gets too stretched it cant beat efficiently because those cross bridges barely cross

A&P 2 (6 decks)

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