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Use and Abuse > Psychostimulant and Heroin (Opium) Abuse > Flashcards

Psychostimulant and Heroin (Opium) Abuse Flashcards

1
Q

What type of drugs are cocaine, amphetamine and methamphetamine?

A

Psycho(motor)stimulants
(Lecture 16, Slide 4)

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2
Q

How do psychomotor stimulants work?

A

Normally, dopamine action is terminated by re-uptake into nerve terminal by a transporter, but psychostimulants (such as cocaine and amphetamine) block the transporter, leading to an accumulation of dopamine at the receptor
(Lecture 16, Slide 6)

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3
Q

What does cocaine or amphetamine blocking the dopamine transfer lead to?

A

An accumulation of dopamine at the receptor
(Lecture 16, Slide 6)

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4
Q

What does amphetamine also do on top of blocking the dopamine transporter?

A

Enters the nerve terminal through the transporter and increases the release of dopamine
(Lecture 16, Slide 6)

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5
Q

Name 2 feelings or physical changes the users of psychostimulants will feel in the short turn.

A

Energetic, talkative and mentally alert
Hypersensitive to sight, sound and touch
Decreased need for food and sleep
Able to perform simple physical and intellectual tasks more quickly
(Lecture 16, Slide 11)

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6
Q

What are the short-term physiological effects of a psychostimulant?

A

Constricted blood vessels and dilated pupils
Increase body temp, heart rate and blood pressure
(Lecture 16, Slide 11)

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7
Q

Name 2 long-term effects of psychomotor stimulant abuse.

A

Psychosis
Cardiovascular damage
Damage to nasal membranes
Infection (e.g AIDS, hepatitis)
Permanent damage to dopamine neurones in the brain
(Lecture 16, Slides 12 and 13)

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8
Q

When did cocaine become popular in europe?

A

Mid 19th century
(Lecture 16, Slide 17)

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9
Q

What was the medical use of cocaine and why is it no longer used?

A

It is a local anaesthetic but is no longer used as it’s derivatives have the same properties but no psychomotor actions
(Lecture 16, Slide 19)

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10
Q

What is the mechanism of action of cocaine being used as a local anaesthetic?

A

It blocks sodium channels in nerves, preventing them from firing and passing on pain message
(Lecture 16, Slide 19)

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11
Q

How is cocaine most commonly taken?

A

Snorted
(Lecture 16, Slide 20)

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12
Q

What are 2 medical uses of amphetamine?

A

Combat fatigue
Appetite suppressant
Treats narcolepsy
Used to treat ADHD in the USA and Canada
(Lecture 16, Slide 29)

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13
Q

How is amphetamine most commonly taken?

A

Snorted
(Lecture 16, Slide 30)

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14
Q

What are the 2 effects of amphetamine?

A

Produces euphoria, excitement, feeling of energy and confidence
Mimics the effects of sympathetic nervous system (increased heart rate, blood pressure etc.)
(Lecture 16, Slide 31)

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15
Q

Name 2 serious side effects of amphetamine.

A

Insomnia
Mood swings
Panic attacks
Chest pain
Sexual dysfunction
Sudden cardiac death
(Lecture 16, Slide 31)

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16
Q

What is the estimated % of amphetamine users that progress to full-blown dependence?

A

5%
(Lecture 16, Slide 32)

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17
Q

What is heroin?

A

The opium poppy (Papaverum somniferum)
(Lecture 17, Slide 4)

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18
Q

What is the legality of heroin in the UK?

A

Legal for seeds and display
(Lecture 17, Slide 5)

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19
Q

What is opium?

A

Dried exudate (fluid that that leaks out of blood vessels into neighbouring tissues)
(Lecture 17, Slides 6 and 8)

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20
Q

What are opiates?

A

The alkaloid parts of opium
(Lecture 17, Slide 8)

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21
Q

What are opioids?

A

Substances with morphine like actions
(Lecture 17, Slide 8)

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22
Q

What are narcotics?

A

Substances that produce sleep
(Lecture 17, Slide 8)

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23
Q

What year was heroin first marketed?

A

1895
(Lecture 17, Slide 9)

24
Q

What is heroin a synthetic derivative of?

A

Morphine
(Lecture 17, Slide 9)

25
Q

Name 2 Class A drugs.

A

Heroin
Cocaine
Crack
MDNA (ecstasy)
Methamphetamine
LSD
Psilocybin mushroom
(Lecture 17, Slide 11)

26
Q

Name 2 Class B drugs.

A

Amphetamine
Cannabis
Codeine
Methylphenidate
(Lecture 17, Slide 11)

27
Q

Name 2 Class C drugs.

A

GHB
Ketamine
Diazepam
Flunitrazepam
Tranquillisers
Sleeping tablets
Anabolic steroids
(Lecture 17, Slide 11)

28
Q

How are schedule 1 drugs categorised?

A

High abuse, no recognized medical use and lack of safety (raw opium, MDMA, cannabis)
(Lecture 17, Slide 12)

29
Q

How are schedule 2 drugs categorised?

A

High abuse, medical utility and a high dependency risk
(Lecture 17, Slide 12)

30
Q

How are schedule 3 drugs categorised?

A

Lower abuse (in comparison to schedules 2 and 1), medical utility and a moderate dependency risk
(Lecture 17, Slide 12)

31
Q

How are schedule 4 drugs categorised?

A

Limited abuse, high medical utility and limited dependency risk
(Lecture 17, Slide 12)

32
Q

How are schedule 5 drugs categorised?

A

Minor abuse problems
(Lecture 17, Slide 12)

33
Q

What is the traditional source of heroin?

A

The golden triangle (India)
(Lecture 17, Slide 13)

34
Q

What is street heroin?

A

Off-white or brown powder of variable quality
(Lecture 17, Slide 14)

35
Q

What are the 3 different ways to administrate heroin?

A

Oral (uncommon)
Inhalation (via snorting, smoking or inhaling fumes)
Intravenous injection
(Lecture 17, Slide 17)

36
Q

Name 2 problems with intravenous injection of heroin.

A

Ulceration
Vein clotting (due to insoluble agents)
AIDS and Hepatitis (as a result of dirty needles)
Tolerance (increased with intravenous administration)
Tissue Necrosis
(Lecture 17, Slide 18)

37
Q

Name 2 effects of CNS depression due to heroin.

A

Analgesia (inability to feel pain)
Sedation
Respiratory depression
Suppression of cough reflex
Anti-emetic (prevents vomiting)
Euphoria
(Lecture 17, Slide 20)

38
Q

Name 1 effect of heroin CNS stimulation.

A

Nausea and vomiting
Pupillary constriction
Decreases blood pressure
(Lecture 17, Slide 21)

39
Q

Name 2 peripheral effects of heroin.

A

Decreased gastrointestinal tract
Immunosuppression
Release of histamine
Bradycardia (slow heart)
(Lecture 17, Slide 22)

40
Q

What are the 3 cellular mechanisms of action of heroin?

A

Acts on nerve terminals (presynaptic inhibition)
Blocks transmission in the primary synapse
Acts at specific receptors (most important is the μ-receptor)
(Lecture 17, Slide 23)

41
Q

What 3 things does tolerance depend on?

A

The potency of the opioid, frequency of administration and the route of administration (intravenous produces worst tolerance)
(Lecture 17, Slide 26)

42
Q

What 3 things cause tolerance?

A

Adaptive changes at the drug-receptor level
Adaptive changes in drug metabolism
Variable cross-tolerance
(Lecture 17, Slide 28)

43
Q

What is variable cross-tolerance?

A

Tolerance to a drug increasing following administration of a different drug
(Lecture 17, Slide 28)

44
Q

What does no cross-tolerance of 2 drugs indicate?

A

That they have different receptors
(Lecture 17, Slide 28)

45
Q

When is conditioned withdrawal seen of heroin?

A

When the addict thinks the opioid has been withdrawn
(Lecture 17, Slide 30)

46
Q

What is the first phase of withdrawal of heroin?

A

Initial phase
(Lecture 17, Slide 31)

47
Q

When does the initial phase of withdrawal occur of heroin?

A

after ~ 7 hours
(Lecture 17, Slide 31)

48
Q

What are the symptoms of the initial phase of withdrawal of heroin?

A

Shivers, sweats and craving
(Lecture 17, Slide 31)

49
Q

What is the second phase of withdrawal of heroin?

A

Intermediate phase
(Lecture 17, Slide 31)

50
Q

What is the symptom of the intermediate phase of withdrawal of heroin?

A

Disturbed sleep
(Lecture 17, Slide 31)

51
Q

What is the third and final stage of withdrawal of heroin?

A

Critical phase
(Lecture 17, Slide 31)

52
Q

When does the critical phase of withdrawal of heroin occur?

A

from a day to a week
(Lecture 17, Slide 31)

53
Q

What are 3 symptoms of the critical phase of withdrawal of heroin?

A

Increase agitation
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Abdominal cramps
Anorexia (trying to keep weight as low as possible by not eating / not exercising)
Increased body temperature
Cold clammy skin
(Lecture 17, Slide 31)

54
Q

How is methadone given?

A

Orally
(Lecture 17, Slide 33)

55
Q

Why are people given methadone?

A

As it has mimics the effects of heroin while having a less severe withdrawal, therefore helping them to come off the addiction all together
(Lecture 17, Slide 33)

56
Q

What are 2 advantages of methadone?

A

Reduced disease (associated with intravenous administration)
Reduced drug-related crime
Rehabilitates people
Cost effective
(Lecture 17, Slide 35)

57
Q

What are 2 disadvantages of methadone?

A

Other drugs are abused with it (as no instant high)
No reduction in death rate
Users still need to get off methadone
(Lecture 17, Slide 36)

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