Drugs in Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

Abnormal, sustained inflammation
(Lecture 14, Slide 5)

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2
Q

Why does inflammation result in increased heat and redness?

A

Due to increased blood flow
(Lecture 14, Slide 8)

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3
Q

How does inflammation cause pain?

A

During inflammation, the immune system releases prostaglandins and histamine which can activate nerve endings and cause pain
(Lecture 14, Slide 10)

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4
Q

How does inflammation cause swelling?

A

Blood vessel leakage leads to swelling, and this is increased by histamine and prostaglandins, which are released by the immune system during inflammation.
(Lecture 14, Slide 11)

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5
Q

What do polymorphs do during inflammation?

A

They swallow bacteria via phagocytosis
(Lecture 14, Slide 14)

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6
Q

Why are polymorphs especially abundant in the lung?

A

As there is a higher risk of infection
(Lecture 14, Slide 14)

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7
Q

What do polymorphs contain?

A

Enzymes and free radical oxygen
(Lecture 14, Slide 14)

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8
Q

How does free radical oxygen destroy cells?

A

By combining with organic molecules
(Lecture 14, Slide 17)

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9
Q

What does excess free radicals result in?

A

Tissue damage and ulceration
(Lecture 14, Slide 17)

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10
Q

What appears after polymorphs in inflammation?

A

Macrophages
(Lecture 14, Slide 18)

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11
Q

How do the properties of macrophages compare to polymorphs?

A

Similar properties but macrophages are larger and synthesise complement
(Lecture 14, Slide 18)

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12
Q

What is TNF?

A

TNF stands for tumour necrosis factor and it is a cytokine secreted by T-lymphocytes
(Lecture 14, Slide 19)

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13
Q

What can excess TNF cause?

A

Tissue damage
(Lecture 14, Slide 19)

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14
Q

How do B-lymphocytes kill invaders?

A

By synthesising antibodies which stick to and kill invaders
(Lecture 14, Slide 19)

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15
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the joints, causing pain, stiffness, swelling, and loss of function.
(Lecture 14, Slide 22)

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16
Q

What causes rheumatoid arthritis?

A

The cause is unknown
(Lecture 14, Slide 22)

17
Q

How does rheumatoid arthritis lead to inflammation?

A

The body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the synovium (the lining of the joins) leading it to become inflamed
(Lecture 14, Slide 22)

18
Q

How do non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) treat rheumatoid arthritis?

A

By counting pain and swelling (acute symptoms)
(Lecture 14, Slide 23)

19
Q

How long does it take for NSAIDs and corticosteroids to become effective when treating rheumatoid arthritis?

A

from hours to days
(Lecture 14, Slide 23)

20
Q

How do diseases modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) treat rheumatoid arthritis?

A

By countering chronic symptoms.
It may also modify the course of disease or produce remission (reduction or stopping of symptoms)
(Lecture 14, Slide 23)

21
Q

What is the mechanism of NSAIDs?

A

they inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX), to prevent prostaglandin synthesis, which reduces joint pain and swelling
(Lecture 14, Slide 24)

22
Q

What are 2 side effects of NSAIDs?

A

Lose protective effects of prostaglandins
Gastric ulceration
Impaired kidney function
(Lecture 14, Slide 25)

23
Q

What are the two types of cyclooxygenase (COX) and their properties?

A

COX 1: controlled and constant, protective prostaglandins
COX 2: induced, uncontrolled, damaging prostaglandins
(Lecture 14, Slide 26)

24
Q

What are 2 side effects of corticosteroids?

A

Weight gain
Increased blood pressure
Increase cataracts
Osteoporosis (only in prolonged use)
(Lecture 14, Slide 28)